Almarwani M, VanSwearingen JM, Perera S, Sparto PJ, Brach JS (2016) Challenging the motor control of walking: gait variability during slower and faster pace walking conditions in younger and older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 66:54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archger.2016.05.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Barrois RP, Ricard D, Oudre L, Tlili L, Provost C, Vienne A, Vidal PP, Buffat S, Yelnik AP (2017) Observational study of 180 degrees turning strategies using inertial measurement units and fall risk in poststroke hemiparetic patients. Front Neurol 8:194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2017.00194

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bohannon RW (2006) Reference values for the timed up and go test: a descriptive meta-analysis. J Geriatr Phys Ther 29(2):64–68. https://doi.org/10.1519/00139143-200608000-00004

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Burnfield JM, Shu Y, Buster T, Taylor A (2010) Similarity of joint kinematics and muscle demands between elliptical training and walking: implications for practice. Phys Ther 90(2):289–305. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090033

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cavanaugh JT, Guskiewicz KM, Stergiou N (2005) A nonlinear dynamic approach for evaluating postural control: new directions for the management of sport-related cerebral concussion. Sports Med 35(11):935–950. https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200535110-00002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen XY, Qu XD (2019) Age-related differences in the relationships between lower-limb joint proprioception and postural balance. Hum Factors 61(5):702–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018720818795064

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

da Silva Costa AA, Moraes R, Hortobagyi T, Sawers A (2020) Older adults reduce the complexity and efficiency of neuromuscular control to preserve walking balance. Exp Gerontol 140:111050. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2020.111050

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Decker LM, Cignetti F, Hunt N, Potter JF, Stergiou N, Studenski SA (2016) Effects of aging on the relationship between cognitive demand and step variability during dual-task walking. Age (Dordr) 38(4):363–375. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-016-9941-y

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dewolf AH, Sylos-Labini F, Cappellini G, Ivanenko Y, Lacquaniti F (2021) Age-related changes in the neuromuscular control of forward and backward locomotion. PLoS ONE 16(2):e0246372. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246372

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Downs S, Marquez J, Chiarelli P (2014) Normative scores on the Berg Balance Scale decline after age 70 years in healthy community-dwelling people: a systematic review. J Physiother 60(2):85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2014.01.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferlinc A, Fabiani E, Velnar T, Gradisnik L (2019) The importance and role of proprioception in the elderly: a short review. Mater Sociomed 31(3):219–221. https://doi.org/10.5455/msm.2019.31.219-221

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fragala MS, Kenny AM, Kuchel GA (2015) Muscle quality in aging: a multi-dimensional approach to muscle functioning with applications for treatment. Sports Med 45(5):641–658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0305-z

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fukuchi RK, Duarte M (2008) Comparison of three-dimensional lower extremity running kinematics of young adult and elderly runners. J Sports Sci 26(13):1447–1454. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640410802209018

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hausdorff JM, Rios DA, Edelberg HK (2001) Gait variability and fall risk in community-living older adults: a 1-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 82(8):1050–1056. https://doi.org/10.1053/apmr.2001.24893

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henry M, Baudry S (2019) Age-related changes in leg proprioception: implications for postural control. J Neurophysiol 122(2):525–538. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00067.2019

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hermens HJ, Freriks B, Disselhorst-Klug C, Rau G (2000) Development of recommendations for SEMG sensors and sensor placement procedures. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 10(5):361–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00027-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johansson J, Nordstrom A, Nordstrom P (2016) Greater fall risk in elderly women than in men is associated with increased gait variability during multitasking. J Am Med Dir Assoc 17(6):535–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2016.02.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karamanidis K, Arampatzis A (2005) Mechanical and morphological properties of different muscle-tendon units in the lower extremity and running mechanics: effect of aging and physical activity. J Exp Biol 208(Pt 20):3907–3923. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.01830

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kear BM, Guck TP, McGaha AL (2017) Timed up and go (TUG) test: normative reference values for ages 20 to 59 years and relationships with physical and mental health risk factors. J Prim Care Commun Health 8(1):9–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/2150131916659282

Article  Google Scholar 

Kurz MJ, Stergiou N (2003) The aging human neuromuscular system expresses less certainty for selecting joint kinematics during gait. Neurosci Lett 348(3):155–158. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00736-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kwon M, Chen YT, Fox EJ, Christou EA (2014) Aging and limb alter the neuromuscular control of goal-directed movements. Exp Brain Res 232(6):1759–1771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00221-014-3868-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Ren Y, Geiger F, Zhang LQ (2013) Gender differences in offaxis neuromuscular control during stepping under a slippery condition. Eur J Appl Physiol 113(11):2857–2866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-013-2727-3

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Ren Y, Chang AH, Geiger F, Zhang LQ (2014) Effects of pivoting neuromuscular training on pivoting control and proprioception. Med Sci Sports Exerc 46(7):1400–1409. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000249

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Jin D, Kang SH, Gaebler-Spira D, Zhang LQ (2019) Combined ankle/knee stretching and pivoting stepping training for children with cerebral palsy. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 27(9):1743–1752. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2019.2934139

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SJ, Park KM, Kim KT, Seo EY, Gemechu DT, Kim O (2025) Developing a multi-directional lower-limb training system toward aging in place rehabilitation: a preliminary feasibility study on healthy individuals. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng 33:975–983. https://doi.org/10.1109/TNSRE.2025.3545845

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madhavan S, Burkart S, Baggett G, Nelson K, Teckenburg T, Zwanziger M, Shields RK (2009) Influence of age on neuromuscular control during a dynamic weight-bearing task. J Aging Phys Act 17(3):327–343. https://doi.org/10.1123/japa.17.3.327

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Merico A, Cavinato M, Gregorio C, Lacatena A, Gioia E, Piccione F, Angelini C (2018) Effects of combined endurance and resistance training in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: a pilot, randomized, controlled study. Eur J Transl Myol 28(1):727–728. https://doi.org/10.4081/ejtm.2018.7278

Article  Google Scholar 

Park K, Keyak JH, Powers CM (2023) The influence of isolated femur and tibia rotations on patellar tendon stress: a sensitivity analysis using finite element analysis. J Orthop Res 41(2):271–277. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.25353

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterka RJ (2018) Sensory integration for human balance control. Handb Clin Neurol 159:27–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63916-5.00002-1

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Phelan EA, Mahoney JE, Voit JC, Stevens JA (2015) Assessment and management of fall risk in primary care settings. Med Clin North Am 99(2):281–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2014.11.004

Article  PubMed