Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing-derived parameters for cardiorespiratory fitness in Dutch community-dwelling 55- to 75-year-old adults

Albouaini K, Egred M, Alahmar A, Wright DJ (2007) Cardiopulmonary exercise testing and its application. Heart 93(10):1285–1292. https://doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2007.121558

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Thoracic Society; American College of Chest Physicians (2003) ATS/ACCP Statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 167(2):211–277. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.167.2.211

Baba R, Nagashima M, Goto M, Nagano Y, Yokota M, Tauchi N, Nishibata K (1996) Oxygen uptake efficiency slope: a new index of cardiorespiratory functional reserve derived from the relation between oxygen uptake and minute ventilation during incremental exercise. JACC 28(6):1567–1572. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0735-1097(96)00412-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bongers BC, Berkel AE, Klaase JM, Van Meeteren NL (2017) An evaluation of the validity of the pre-operative oxygen uptake efficiency slope as an indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in elderly patients scheduled for major colorectal surgery. Anaesthesia 72(10):1206–1216. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.14003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Buys R, Coeckelberghs E, Vanhees L, Cornelissen VA (2015) The oxygen uptake efficiency slope in 1411 Caucasian healthy men and women aged 20–60 years: reference values. Eur J Prev Cardiol 22(3):356–363. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487314547658

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cohen J (2013) Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge, New York. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

Book  Google Scholar 

Collerton J, Martin-Ruiz C, Davies K, Hilkens CM, Isaacs J, Kolenda C, Parker C, Dunn M, Catt M, Jagger C (2012) Frailty and the role of inflammation, immunosenescence and cellular ageing in the very old: cross-sectional findings from the Newcastle 85+ study. Mech Ageing Dev 133(6):456–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mad.2012.05.005

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR (1975) “Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res 12(3):189–198

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franssen RFW, Eversdijk AJJ, Kuikhoven M, Klaase JM, Vogelaar FJ, Janssen-Heijnen MLG, Bongers BC (2022) Inter-observer agreement of preoperative cardiopulmonary exercise test interpretation in major abdominal surgery. BMC Anesthesiol 22(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12871-022-01680-Y/TABLES/3

Article  Google Scholar 

Glaab T, Taube C (2022) Practical guide to cardiopulmonary exercise testing in adults. Respir Res. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12931-021-01895-6

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Houtkamp D, Chettouf S, Bongers BC, Van de Wiel A, Van Roy P, Schrama P, Beckwée D, Smeets WHAM, Bautmans I, Pool-Goudzwaard AL (2025) Study Protocol of the 10-year longitudinal Amersfoort Cohort Study on Functional decline, Healthy aging, and Frailty (AMCOHF) in a community-dwelling older population. Gerontol 9:1–19. https://doi.org/10.1159/000546943

Imboden MT, Kaminsky LA, Peterman JE, Hutzler HL, Whaley MH, Fleenor BS, Harber MP (2020) Cardiorespiratory fitness normalized to fat-free mass and mortality risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 52(7):1532–1537. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002289

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Myers J, Peterman JE, Bonikowske AR, Harber MP, Inojosa JRM, Lavie CJ, Squires RW (2022) Updated reference standards for cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing: data from the fitness registry and the importance of exercise national database (FRIEND). Mayo Clin Proc 97(2):285–293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.08.020

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kenney LW, Wilmore JH, Costill DL (2022) Physiology of Sport and Exercise (7th ed.). Human Kinetics

Kim CH, Wheatley CM, Behnia M, Johnson BD (2016) The effect of aging on relationships between lean body mass and VO2max in rowers. PLoS ONE 11(8):e0160275. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0160275

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Koch B, Schäper C, Ittermann T, Spielhagen T, Dörr M, Völzke H, Opitz CF, Ewert R, Gläser S (2009) Reference values for cardiopulmonary exercise testing in healthy volunteers: the SHIP study. Eur Respir J 33(2):389–397. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00074208

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Köhler A, King R, Bahls M, Groß S, Steveling A, Gärtner S, Schipf S, Gläser S, Völzke H, Felix SB, Markus MRP, Dörr M (2018) Cardiopulmonary fitness is strongly associated with body cell mass and fat-free mass: the study of health in Pomerania (SHIP). Scand J Med Sci Sports 28(6):1628–1635. https://doi.org/10.1111/SMS.13057

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lang JJ, Prince SA, Merucci K, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Chaput JP, Fraser BJ, Manyanga T, McGrath R, Ortega FB, Singh B, Tomkinson GR (2024) Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality among adults: an overview of meta-analyses representing over 20.9 million observations from 199 unique cohort studies. Br J Sports Med 58(10):556–566. https://doi.org/10.1136/BJSPORTS-2023-107849

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Levett DZH, Grocott MPW (2025) Prehabilitation: impact on postoperative outcomes. Int Anesthesiol Clin 63(3):68–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/AIA.0000000000000481

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Levett DZH, Jack S, Swart M, Carlisle J, Wilson J, Snowden C, Riley M, Danjoux G, Ward SA, Older P, Grocott MPW (2018) Perioperative cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET): consensus clinical guidelines on indications, organization, conduct, and physiological interpretation. Br J Anaesth 120(3):484–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BJA.2017.10.020

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mannino DM, Sonia Buist A, Vollmer WM, Mannino DM (2007) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the older adult: what defines abnormal lung function? Thorax 62:237–241. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2006.068379

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McKinney J, Lithwick DJ, Morrison BN, Nazzari H, Isserow SH, Heilbron B, Krahn AD (2016) The health benefits of physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness. BCMJ 58(3):131–137

Google Scholar 

Mezzani A, Agostoni P, Cohen-Solal A, Corrà U, Jegier A, Kouidi E, Mazic S, Meurin P, Piepoli M, Simon A, Laethem CV, Vanhees L (2009) Standards for the use of cardiopulmonary exercise testing for the functional evaluation of cardiac patients: a report from the exercise physiology section of the European association for cardiovascular prevention and rehabilitation. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 6(3):249–267. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJR.0b013e32832914c8

Myers J, Cadenas-Sanchez C, Ross R, Kokkinos P (2024) The critical role of cardiorespiratory fitness in disease prevention. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 64(12):1361–1371. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0022-4707.24.16159-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mylius CF, Krijnen WP, van der Schans CP, Takken T (2019) Peak oxygen uptake reference values for cycle ergometry for the healthy Dutch population: data from the LowLands Fitness Registry. ERJ Open Res 5(2):00056–02018. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00056-2018

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niemeijer VM, Van’t Veer M, Schep G, Spee RF, Hoogeveen A, Kemps HMC (2014) Causes of nonlinearity of the oxygen uptake efficiency slope : a prospective study in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Prev Cardiol 21(3):347–353. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487312472075

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterman JE, Harber MP, Imboden MT, Whaley MH, Fleenor BS, Myers J, Arena R, Kaminsky LA (2021) Accuracy of exercise-based equations for estimating cardiorespiratory fitness. Med Sci Sports Exerc 53(1):74. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002435

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ross R, Blair SN, Arena R, Church TS, Despres JP, Franklin BA, Haskell WL, Kaminsky LA, Levine BD, Lavie CJ, Myers J, Niebauer J, Sallis R, Sawada SS, Sui X, Wisloff U, on behalf of the American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Cardiometabolic Health (2016) Importance of assessing cardiorespiratory fitness in clinical practice: a case for fitness as a clinical vital sign: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation 134(24):e653–e699. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000461

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanada K, Kuchiki T, Miyachi M, McGrath K, Higuchi M, Ebashi H (2007) Effects of age on ventilatory threshold and peak oxygen uptake normalised for regional skeletal muscle mass in Japanese men and women aged 20–80 years. Eur J Appl Physiol 99(5):475–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00421-006-0375-6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schorr M, Dichtel LE, Gerweck AV, Valera RD, Torriani M, Miller KK, Bredella MA (2018) Sex differences in body composition and association with cardiometabolic risk. Biol Sex Differ 9(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13293-018-0189-3/TABLES/5

Article  Google Scholar 

Shepherd JA, Ng BK, Sommer MJ, Heymsfield SB (2017) Body composition by DXA. Bone 104:101–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BONE.2017.06.010

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sui X, Sarzynski MA, Gribben N, Zhang J, Lavie CJ (2022) Cardiorespiratory fitness and the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality in men with hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Med 11(17):5211. https://doi.org/10.3390/JCM11175211

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif