Carbone A, Borok M, Damania B, et al. (2021) Castleman disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 7(1).

Gao Y, Liu Y, Zhang M et al (2024) Idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease idiopathic plasmacytic lymphadenopathy: a distinct subtype of iMCD-not otherwise specified with different clinical features and better survival. Br J Haematol [Internet] 00:1–8

Google Scholar 

Fajgenbaum DC, Uldrick TS, Bagg A et al (2017) International, evidence-based consensus diagnostic criteria for HHV-8–negative/idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Blood [Internet] 129(12):1646–1657

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dispenzieri A, Fajgenbaum DC (2020) Overview of Castleman disease. Blood 135(16):1353–1364

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang K-C, Wang Y-C, Hung L-Y et al (2014) Monoclonality and cytogenetic abnormalities in hyaline vascular Castleman disease. Mod Pathol 27(6):823–831

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Rhee F, Oksenhendler E, Srkalovic G et al (2020) International evidence-based consensus diagnostic and treatment guidelines for unicentric Castleman disease. Blood Adv 4(23):6039–6050

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fajgenbaum DC (2018) Novel insights and therapeutic approaches in idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease.

Zhou T, Wang HW, Pittaluga S et al (2021) Multicentric Castleman disease and the evolution of the concept. Pathologica 113(5):339–353

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sumiyoshi R, Koga T, Kawakami A (2022) Candidate biomarkers for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. J Clin Exp Hematop 62(2):85–90

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fang X, Sun Z, Xu-Monette ZY et al (2021) Predictive model for idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease supporting treatment decisions. Oncologist 26(1):4–6

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Deshpande V, Zen Y, Chan JKC et al (2012) Consensus statement on the pathology of IgG4-related disease. Mod Pathol 25(9):1181–1192

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wing A, Xu J, Meng W et al (2022) Transcriptome and unique cytokine microenvironment of Castleman disease. Mod Pathol 35(4):451–461

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishia J-I, Maruyamab I (2000) Increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in Castleman’s disease: proposed pathomechanism of vascular proliferation in the affected lymph node.38:387–394.

Nishi J-I, Arimura K, Utsunomiya A et al (1999) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in sera and lymph nodes of the plasma cell type of Castleman’s disease. Br J Haematol 104:482–485

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pelliccia S, Rogges E, Cardoni A et al (2024) The application of a multidisciplinary approach in the diagnosis of Castleman disease and Castleman-like lymphadenopathies: a 20-year retrospective analysis of clinical and pathological features. Br J Haematol 204(2):534–547

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sevilla-Lizcano DB, Frias-Soria CL, Ortiz-Hidalgo C (2017) Enfermedad de Castleman. Análisis histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico de treinta y nueve casos. Gac Med Mex. 153(5):550–558.

De P, Sobrevilla-Calvo J, Avilés-Salas A, et al. (2009) Características clinicopatológicas de la enfermedad de Castleman. Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de Cancerología. Cir Ciruj. 77(3):187–192.

Mukherjee S, Martin R, Sande B et al (2022) Epidemiology and treatment patterns of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease in the era of IL-6-directed therapy. Blood Adv 6(2):359–367

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oksenhendler E, Boutboul D, Fajgenbaum D et al (2018) The full spectrum of Castleman disease: 273 patients studied over 20 years. Br J Haematol 180(2):206–216

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang S, Chen S, Xu J, et al (2016) Clinicopathological characteristics of unicentric retroperitoneal Castleman’s disease: a study of 14 cases. World J Surg Oncol. 14(1).

Qian S, Ding M, Hou H, et al (2022) Clinical and molecular characteristics of 60 patients with human immunodeficiency virus-negative castleman disease. Front Immunol. 13.

González-García A, Patier de la Peña JL, García-Cosio M, et al (2019) Clinical and pathological characteristics of Castleman disease: an observational study in a Spanish tertiary hospital. Leuk Lymphoma. 60(14):3442–3448.

Yu L, Tu M, Cortes J et al (2017) Clinical and pathological characteristics of HIV-and HHV-8-negative Castleman disease. Blood [Internet] 129(12):1658–1668

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sun X, Du Y, Zhang Y et al (2021) Unicentric Castleman disease: multidetector computed tomography classification with surgical and pathologic correlation. Quant Imaging Med Surg 11(8):3562–3568

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao S, Wan Y, Huang Z, et al. Imaging and clinical features of Castleman disease. Cancer Imaging. 2019;19(1).

Wojtyś M, Piekarska A, Kunc M et al (2019) Clinicopathological comparison and therapeutic approach to Castleman disease—a case-based review. J Thorac Dis 11(11):4859–4874

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hua Y, Liang C, Yang J et al (2022) Characteristics and prognosis of Castleman disease. Am J Transl Res 14(2):1051–1059

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dieudonné Y, Silvestrini MA, Dossier A et al (2023) Paraneoplastic pemphigus uncovers distinct clinical and biological phenotypes of western unicentric Castleman disease. Br J Haematol 202(2):267–278

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu W, Cai Q, Yu T et al (2022) Clinical characteristics and outcomes of Castleman disease: a multicenter Consortium study of 428 patients with 15-year follow-up. Am J Cancer Res [Internet] 12(9):4227–4240

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang T, Chen X, Chen W et al (2022) A retrospective study of 44 patients with head and neck Castleman’s disease. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 279(5):2625–2630

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Dong Y-J, Peng H-L, et al (2023) A national, multicenter, retrospective study of Castleman disease in China implementing CDCN criteria. 34.

Zhou QY (2022) Castleman disease and TAFRO syndrome: to improve the diagnostic consciousness is the key. World J Clin Cases 10(5):1536–1547

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang D, Guo Y, Tang Y et al (2022) Treatment and outcome of Castleman disease: a retrospective report of 31 patients. Ther Clin Risk Manag 18:499–509

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Masaki Y, Kawabata H, Fujimoto S et al (2019) Epidemiological analysis of multicentric and unicentric Castleman disease and TAFRO syndrome in Japan. J Clin Exp Hematop 59(4):175–178

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suichi T, Misawa S, Sekiguchi Y, et al (2020) Treatment response and prognosis of POEMS syndrome coexisting with Castleman disease. J Neurol Sci. 413.

Rehman MEU, Chattaraj A, Neupane K et al (2022) Efficacy and safety of regimens used for the treatment of multicentric Castleman disease: a systematic review. Eur J Haematol. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13823

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fajgenbaum DC, Wu D, Goodman A et al (2020) Insufficient evidence exists to use histopathologic subtype to guide treatment of idiopathic multicentric Castleman disease. Am J Hematol 95(12):1553–1561

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gars E, Butzmann A, Ohgami R, et al (2020) The life and death of the germinal center. Ann Diagn Pathol. 44.

Victora GD, Nussenzweig MC (2022) Germinal centers. Annu Rev Immunol [Internet] 40:413–422

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spinner CA, Lazarevic V (2021) Transcriptional regulation of adaptive and innate lymphoid lineage specification. Immunol Rev 300(1):65–81

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laurent C, Fazilleau N, Brousset P (2010) A novel subset of T-helper cells: follicular T-helper cells and their markers. Haematologica 95(3):356–358

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foss HD, Araujo I, Demel G et al (1997) Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in lymphomas and Castleman’s disease. Journal of Pathology 183(1):44–50

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar