Kannel WB, Hjortland M, Castelli WP. Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: the Framingham study. Am J Cardiol. 1974;34(1):29–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Soheilipour F, Kasbi NA, Imankhan M, Eskandari D. Complications and treatment of early-onset type 2 diabetes. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2023;21(3):e135004.

Lu J, Liu J, Zhang L, Wang X, Zhang Y, Tang Q. Morphological and functional characterization of diabetic cardiomyopathy in db/db mice following exercise, metformin alone, or combination treatments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2021;584:80–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jia G, Hill MA, Sowers JR. Diabetic cardiomyopathy: an update of mechanisms contributing to this clinical entity. Circ Res. 2018;122(4):624–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bugger H, Abel ED. Molecular mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Diabetologia. 2014;57:660–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Marwick TH, Gimelli A, Plein S, Bax JJ, Charron P, Delgado V, et al. Multimodality imaging approach to left ventricular dysfunction in diabetes: an expert consensus document from the European association of cardiovascular imaging. European Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;23(2):e62-84.

Article  Google Scholar 

Seferović PM, Paulus WJ. Clinical diabetic cardiomyopathy: a two-faced disease with restrictive and dilated phenotypes. Eur Heart J. 2015;36(27):1718–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Noorafshan A, Khazraei H, Mirkhani H, Karbalay-Doust S. Stereological study of the diabetic heart of male rats. Lab Anim Res. 2013;29(1):12–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Association AD. Standards of medical care in diabetes—2021 abridged for primary care providers. Clin Diabetes. 2021;39(1):14–43. https://doi.org/10.2337/cd21-as01.

Seo DY, Ko JR, Jang JE, Kim TN, Youm JB, Kwak HB, et al. Exercise as a potential therapeutic target for diabetic cardiomyopathy: insight into the underlying mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(24): 6284.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Yardley JE, Riddell MC, Dunstan DW, Dempsey PC, et al. Physical activity/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes association. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(11):2065.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cai H, He Y, Li X. An attempt to reverse diabetic cardiomyopathy by aerobic interval training in high-fat diet and Streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat models: 3541 board# 229 June 1 9: 30 AM-11: 00 AM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2019;51(6S):978.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hafstad AD, Boardman N, Aasum E. How exercise may amend metabolic disturbances in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2015;22(17):1587–605.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chengji W, Xianjin F. Exercise protects against diabetic cardiomyopathy by the inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in rats. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(2):1682–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohammadi E, Fath M, Cheraghi CF, Afshin N. Effect of a six-week endurance exercise program and Empagliflozin consumption on some structural and functional indices of the heart in male diabetic rats. J ILAM Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2022;30(3 ):1–11. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/1000115/en. Accessed 1 Dec 2024

Daryanavard F, Tanideh N, Alizadeh H, Bazgir B. The effect of aerobic exercise on cardiac function and structure in diabetic male Sprague Dawley rats. Appl Exerc Physiol Res J. 2010;6(12):59–72.

Google Scholar 

Gunadi JW, Tarawan VM, Setiawan I, Lesmana R, Wahyudianingsih R, Supratman U. Cardiac hypertrophy is stimulated by altered training intensity and correlates with autophagy modulation in male Wistar rats. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2019;11:1–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Putra RA, Wiyasihati SI, Setiawan HK, Purwantari KE. The effect of exercise to cardiac fibrosis in mice with non-communicable diseases, especially myocardial infarction and diabetes mellitus: a literature review. World J Adv Res Rev. 2024;21(1):1023–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Skovsø S. Modeling type 2 diabetes in rats using high fat diet and streptozotocin. J Diabetes Investig. 2014;5(4):349–58.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang M, Lv XY, Li J, Xu ZG, Chen L. The characterization of high-fat diet and multiple low-dose streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetes rat model. J Diabetes Res. 2008;2008(1): 704045.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sasidharan SR, Joseph JA, Anandakumar S, Venkatesan V, Ariyattu Madhavan CN, Agarwal A. An experimental approach for selecting appropriate rodent diets for research studies on metabolic disorders. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/752870.

Nakos I, Kadoglou NPE, Gkeka P, Tzallas AT, Giannakeas N, Tsalikakis DG, et al. Exercise training attenuates the development of cardiac autonomic dysfunction in diabetic rats. In Vivo (Brooklyn). 2018;32(6):1433–41.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mühlfeld C, Nyengaard JR, Mayhew TM. A review of state-of-the-art stereology for better quantitative 3D morphology in cardiac research. Cardiovasc Pathol. 2010;19(2):65–82.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gundersen HJG. Stereology of arbitrary particles* a review of unbiased number and size estimators and the presentation of some new ones, in memory of William R. Thompson. J Microsc. 1986;143(1):3–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nyengaard JR, Gundersen HJG. The isector: a simple and direct method for generating isotropic, uniform random sections from small specimens. J Microsc. 1992;165(3):427–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Farrag EAE, Hammad MO, Safwat SM, Hamed S, Hellal D. Artemisinin attenuates type 2 diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats through modulation of AGE-RAGE/HMGB-1 signaling pathway. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):11043.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu L, Xu YN, Wang Q, Liu MJ, Zhang P, Zhao LT, et al. Aerobic exercise improves cardiac function in rats with chronic heart failure through inhibition of the long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1). Ann Transl Med. 2021;9(4):340.

D’Haese S, Verboven M, Evens L, Deluyker D, Lambrichts I, Eijnde BO, et al. Moderate-and high-intensity endurance training alleviate Diabetes-induced cardiac sysfunction in rats. Nutrients. 2023;15(18): 3950.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Esmailee B, Abdi A, Farzanegi P, Abbassi Daloii A. Protective effect of aerobic training along with resveratrol on the expression of some atrophic biomarkers of cardiomyocytes in diabetic rats. J Neyshabur Univ Med Sci [Internet]. 2019;7(3):27–37. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/954243/en

Searls YM, Smirnova IV, Fegley BR, Stehno-Bittel L. Exercise attenuates diabetes-induced ultrastructural changes in rat cardiac tissue. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36(11):1863–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tan Y, Feng P, Feng L, Shi L, Song Y, Yang J, et al. Low-dose exercise protects the heart against established myocardial infarction via IGF-1-upregulated CTRP9 in male mice. MedComm (Beijing). 2023;4(6): e411.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mohamadpour M, Dolatabadi LK, Soleymani A, Mohsenkia M, Gazor R, Moladoust H, et al. Cardioprotective effects of curcumin co-treatment in rats with establishing chronic variable stress stereology study. Crescent J Med Biol Sci. 2018;5(4)306–311.

Veeranki S, Givvimani S, Kundu S, Metreveli N, Pushpakumar S, Tyagi SC. Moderate intensity exercise prevents diabetic cardiomyopathy associated contractile dysfunction through restoration of mitochondrial function and connexin 43 levels in db/db mice. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2016;92:163–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

da Silva E, Natali AJ, da Silva MF, de Jesus GG, da Cunha DNQ, Toledo MM, et al. Swimming training attenuates the morphological reorganization of the myocardium and local inflammation in the left ventricle of growing rats with untreated experimental diabetes. Pathol Res Pract. 2016;212(4):325–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pei Z, Zhou R, Yao W, Dong S, Liu Y, Gao Z. Different exercise training intensities prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus-induced myocardial injury in male mice. iScience. 2023;26(7):107080.

Fulghum K, Hill BG. Metabolic mechanisms of exercise-induced cardiac remodeling. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2018;5: 127.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olver TD, Laughlin MH, Padilla J. Exercise and vascular insulin sensitivity in the skeletal muscle and brain. Exerc Sport Sci Rev. 2019;47(2):66–74.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rami M, Rahdar S, Ahmadi Hekmatikar A, Awang Daud DM. Highlighting the novel effects of high-intensity interval training on some histopathological and molecular indices in the heart of type 2 diabetic rats. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14:1175585.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar