Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan

Erika Yamazawa, Shota Tanaka, Taijun Hana, Hirokazu Takami, Keisuke Yamada, Masashi Nomura & Nobuhito Saito

Genome Science and Medicine Laboratory, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8904, Japan

Erika Yamazawa, Genta Nagae, Takayoshi Umeda, Kenji Tatsuno, Taijun Hana, Masashi Nomura & Hiroyuki Aburatani

Department of Neurological Surgery, Okayama Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama City, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan

Shota Tanaka

Department of Neurosurgery, Dokkyo Medical University, 880 Kitakobayashi, Mibu-machi, Shimotsuga-gun, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan

Phyo Kim

Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigakumachi, Takatsuki, Osaka, 569-8686, Japan

Toshihiro Takami

Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan

Keisuke Takai

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, 2-6-1 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo, 183-0042, Japan

Takashi Komori

Department of Neurosurgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan

Ryohei Otani

Department of Neurosurgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan

Fumi Higuchi

Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, 860-8556, Japan

Akitake Mukasa

Department of Neuro-Oncology, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, 1397-1 Yamane, Hidaka City, Saitama, 350-1298, Japan

Shunsaku Takayanagi

Department of Neurosurgery, Japan Community Health Care Organization Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, 5-1 Tsukudochou, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8543, Japan

Hideaki Imai

Conceptualization: ShoT, EY. Data curation: EY, TaK. Data analysis: EY, TU, KenT. Funding acquisition: EY, ShoT. Clinical samples and clinical data: TH, PK, TT, KeiT, TK, OT, FH, HT, KY, MN, AM, ShuT, and HI. Resources: ShoT, PK, TT, KeiT, FH, RO. Software: TU, KenT. Supervision: HA, NS. Review and editing: EY, ShoT, GN, HA. All authors contributed to the revision of the manuscript.