Lee JH, Zhang J, Wei L, Yu SP (2015) Neurodevelopmental implications of the general anesthesia in neonate and infants. Exp Neurol 272:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.028

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rappaport BA, Suresh S, Hertz S, Evers AS, Orser BA (2015) Anesthetic neurotoxicity — clinical implications of animal models. N Engl J Med 372:796–797. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMp1414786

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jevtovic-Todorovic V, Hartman RE, Izumi Y, Benshoff ND, Dikranian K, Zorumski CF, Olney JW, Wozniak DF (2003) Early exposure to common anesthetic agents causes widespread neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain and persistent learning deficits. J Neurosci Off J Soc Neurosci 23:876–882. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-03-00876.2003

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Servick K (2014) Biomedical Research. Researchers struggle to gauge risks of childhood anesthesia. Science 346:1161–1162. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.346.6214.1161

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olutoye OA, Baker BW, Belfort MA, Olutoye OO (2018) Food and Drug Administration warning on anesthesia and brain development: implications for obstetric and fetal surgery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 218:98–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2017.08.107

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vutskits L, Xie Z (2016) Lasting impact of general anaesthesia on the brain: mechanisms and relevance. Nat Rev Neurosci 17:705–717. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn.2016.128

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang E, Jiang D, Ryu YK, Lim S, Kwak M, Gray CD, Xu M, Choi JH et al (2017) Early postnatal exposure to isoflurane causes cognitive deficits and disrupts development of newborn hippocampal neurons via activation of the mTOR pathway. PLOS Biol 15:e2001246. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.2001246

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Faria O, Pivonkova H, Varga B, Timmler S, Evans KA, Káradóttir RT (2021) Periods of synchronized myelin changes shape brain function and plasticity. Nat Neurosci 24:1508–1521. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41593-021-00917-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

McNamara NB, Munro DAD, Bestard-Cuche N, Uyeda A, Bogie JFJ, Hoffmann A, Holloway RK, Molina-Gonzalez I et al (2023) Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity. Nature 613:120–129. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-05534-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu Z, Yang Z, Ren G, Wang Y, Luo X, Zhu F, Yu S, Jia L et al (2022) GATOR2 complex–mediated amino acid signaling regulates brain myelination. Proc Natl Acad Sci 119:e2110917119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2110917119

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kremer D, Göttle P, Hartung H-P, Küry P (2016) Pushing forward: remyelination as the new frontier in CNS diseases. Trends Neurosci 39:246–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.004

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Franklin RJM, Ffrench-Constant C (2008) Remyelination in the CNS: from biology to therapy. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:839–855. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2480

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang Z, Liu H, Jia S, Zhao J, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhou F, Li Q et al (2023) Spatial and temporal alterations of developing oligodendrocytes induced by repeated sevoflurane exposure in neonatal mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 640:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.11.105

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prashantha Kumar BR, Kumar AP, Jose JA, Prabitha P, Yuvaraj S, Chipurupalli S, Jeyarani V, Manisha C et al (2020) Minutes of PPAR-γ agonism and neuroprotection. Neurochem Int 140:104814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104814

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu Y, Alvares K, Huang Q, Rao MS, Reddy JK (1993) Cloning of a new member of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gene family from mouse liver. J Biol Chem 268:26817–26820. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(19)74184-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng S, Li P, Liu P, Yan H, Wang J, Lu W, Liu C, Zhou Y (2020) Cistanches alleviates sevoflurane-induced cognitive dysfunction by regulating PPAR-γ-dependent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory in rats. J Cell Mol Med 24:1345–1359. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcmm.14807

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feng H, Yin Y, Zheng R, Kang J (2021) Rosiglitazone ameliorated airway inflammation induced by cigarette smoke via inhibiting the M1 macrophage polarization by activating PPARγ and RXRα. Int Immunopharmacol 97:107809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107809

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stumvoll M, Stefan N, Fritsche A, Madaus A, Tschritter O, Koch M, Machicao F, Häring H (2002) Interaction effect between common polymorphisms in PPARγ2 (Pro12Ala) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (Gly972Arg) on insulin sensitivity. J Mol Med 80:33–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s001090100282

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Normando EM, Davis BM, De Groef L, Nizari S, Turner LA, Ravindran N, Pahlitzsch M, Brenton J, et al (2016) The retina as an early biomarker of neurodegeneration in a rotenone-induced model of Parkinson’s disease: evidence for a neuroprotective effect of rosiglitazone in the eye and brain. Acta Neuropathol Commun 4:86. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40478-016-0346-z

Ren X, Li Y-F, Pei T-W, Wang H-S, Wang Y-H, Chen T (2024) Rosiglitazone regulates astrocyte polarization and neuroinflammation in a PPAR-γ dependent manner after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 209:110918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2024.110918

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peng J, Wang K, Xiang W, Li Y, Hao Y, Guan Y (2019) Rosiglitazone polarizes microglia and protects against pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus. CNS Neurosci Ther 25:1363–1372. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13265

Han L, Cai W, Mao L, Liu J, Li P, Leak RK, Xu Y, Hu X et al (2015) Rosiglitazone promotes white matter integrity and long-term functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia. Stroke 46:2628–2636. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.115.010091

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lebovitz HE (2002) Differentiating members of the thiazolidinedione class: a focus on safety. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 18:S23–S29. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.252

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harris RZ, Inglis AML, Miller AK, Thompson KA, Finnerty D, Patterson S, Jorkasky DK, Freed MI (1999) Rosiglitazone has no clinically significant effect on nifedipine pharmacokinetics. J Clin Pharmacol 39:1189–1194. https://doi.org/10.1177/009127009903901112

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inglis AML, Miller AK, Culkin KT, Finnerty D, Patterson SD, Jorkasky DK, Freed MI (2001) Lack of effect of rosiglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of oral contraceptives in healthy female volunteers. J Clin Pharmacol 41:683–690. https://doi.org/10.1177/00912700122010456

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Percie Du Sert N, Hurst V, Ahluwalia A, Alam S, Avey MT, Baker M, Browne WJ, Clark A et al (2020) The ARRIVE guidelines 2.0: Updated guidelines for reporting animal research. PLOS Biol 18:e3000410. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000410

He J, Zhu Y, Wu C, Wu J, Chen Y, Yuan M, Cheng Z, Zeng L et al (2023) Transcranial ultrasound neuromodulation facilitates isoflurane-induced general anesthesia recovery and improves cognition in mice. Ultrasonics 135:107132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultras.2023.107132

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dickinson R, White I, Lieb WR, Franks NP (2000) Stereoselective loss of righting reflex in rats by isoflurane. Anesthesiology 93:837–843. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000542-200009000-00035

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seibenhener ML, Wooten MC (2015) Use of the open field maze to measure locomotor and anxiety-like behavior in mice. J Vis Exp 52434. https://doi.org/10.3791/52434

Wang Z, Qiao D, Chen H, Zhang S, Zhang B, Zhang J, Hu X, Wang C, et al (2023) Effects of Fmr1 gene mutations on sex differences in autism-like behavior and dendritic spine development in mice and transcriptomic studies. Neuroscience 534:16–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.10.001

Labrousse VF, Leyrolle Q, Amadieu C, Au