Hirai AH, Ko JY, Patrick SW. Neonatal abstinence syndrome and maternal opioid-related diagnoses in the US, 2010-2017. JAMA. 2021;325:146–55.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

About Opioid Use During Pregnancy. 2024. https://www.cdc.gov/opioid-use-during-pregnancy/about/index.html.

Gemmill A, Kiang MV, Alexander MJ. Trends in pregnancy-associated mortality involving opioids in the United States, 2007-2016. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;220:115–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maeda A, Bateman BT, Clancy CR, Creanga AA, Leffert LR. Opioid abuse and dependence during pregnancy: temporal trends and obstetrical outcomes. Anesthesiology. 2014;121:1158–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

ACOG Committee Opinion. Opioid Use and Opioid Use Disorder in Pregnancy. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists; 2017.

Banks DE, Fentem A, Li X, Paschke M, Filiatreau L, Woolfolk C, et al. Attitudes toward medication for opioid use disorder among pregnant and postpartum women and people seeking treatment. J Addict Med. 2023;17:356–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Donohue JM, Jarlenski MP, Kim JY, Tang L, Ahrens K, Allen L, et al. Use of medications for treatment of opioid use disorder among us medicaid enrollees in 11 States, 2014-2018. JAMA. 2021;326:154–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tabatabaeepour N, Morgan JR, Jalali A, Kapadia SN, Meinhofer A. Impact of prenatal substance use policies on commercially insured pregnant females with opioid use disorder. J Subst Abus Treat. 2022;140:108800.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chao CR, Perez YJ, Roberts M, Ma X, Holbrook B, Rayburn W, et al. Effects of medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) on fetal brain and cranial measurements. Neurotoxicol Teratol. 2023;97:107177.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suarez EA, Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, Straub L, McDougle CJ, Wisner KL, et al. Prescription stimulant use during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in children. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024;81:477–88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tran EL, Dorsey AN, Miele K, Gilboa SM, Gosdin L, Terplan M, et al. Patterns of medication for opioid use disorder during pregnancy, 7 clinical sites, maternal and infant clinical networK (MAT-LINK), 2014-2021. J Addict Med. 2025;19:208–15.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trammel CJ, Whitley J, Kelly JC. Pharmacotherapy for opioid use disorder in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2024;36:74–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jones HE, Kaltenbach K, Heil SH, Stine SM, Coyle MG, Arria AM, et al. Neonatal abstinence syndrome after methadone or buprenorphine exposure. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2320–31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Suarez EA, Huybrechts KF, Straub L, Hernandez-Diaz S, Jones HE, Connery HS, et al. Buprenorphine versus methadone for opioid use disorder in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:2033–44.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olsen IE, Groveman SA, Lawson ML, Clark RH, Zemel BS. New intrauterine growth curves based on United States data. Pediatrics. 2010;125:e214–24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stewart, DL, Barfield WD. Updates on an at-risk population: late-preterm and early-term infants. Pediatrics. 2019;144:e20192760.

Chan E, Quigley MA. School performance at age 7 years in late preterm and early term birth: a cohort study. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2014;99:F451–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vohr B. Long-term outcomes of moderately preterm, late preterm, and early term infants. Clin Perinatol. 2013;40:739–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Craighead DV, Elswick RK Jr. The influence of early-term birth on NICU admission, length of stay, and breastfeeding initiation and duration. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 2014;43:409–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krans EE, Kim JY, Chen Q, Rothenberger SD, James AE 3rd, Kelley D, et al. Outcomes associated with the use of medications for opioid use disorder during pregnancy. Addiction. 2021;116:3504–14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brogly SB, Turner S, Lajkosz K, Davies G, Newman A, Johnson A, et al. Infants born to opioid-dependent women in Ontario, 2002-2014. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2017;39:157–65.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kraft WK. Buprenorphine in neonatal abstinence syndrome. Clin Pharm Ther. 2018;103:112–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jones HE, Finnegan LP, Kaltenbach K. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence in pregnancy. Drugs. 2012;72:747–57.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newman AI, Mauer-Vakil D, Coo H, Newton L, Wilkerson E, McKnight S, et al. Rooming-in for infants at risk for neonatal abstinence syndrome: outcomes 5 years following its introduction as the standard of care at one hospital. Am J Perinatol. 2022;39:897–903.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cutler AJ, Cox DF, Gabrielson SMB, Picarillo AP, Craig AK. Association of medication-assisted treatment and short acting opioids with newborn head circumference and birth weight. J Perinatol. 2023;43:277–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peterson BS, Rosen T, Dingman S, Toth ZR, Sawardekar S, Hao X, et al. Associations of maternal prenatal drug abuse with measures of newborn brain structure, tissue organization, and metabolite concentrations. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:831–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Monnelly VJ, Anblagan D, Quigley A, Cabez MB, Cooper ES, Mactier H, et al. Prenatal methadone exposure is associated with altered neonatal brain development. Neuroimage Clin. 2018;18:9–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Straub L, Bateman BT, Hernandez-Diaz S, Zhu Y, Suarez EA, Vine SM, et al. Comparative safety of in utero exposure to buprenorphine combined with naloxone vs buprenorphine alone. JAMA. 2024;332:805–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paulsen R, Modestino AS, Hasan MM, Noor-E-Alam M, Young LD, Young GJ. Patterns of buprenorphine/naloxone prescribing: an analysis of claims data from Massachusetts. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2020;46:216–23.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Wiegand SL, Swortwood MJ, Huestis MA, Thorp J, Jones HE, Vora NL. Naloxone and metabolites quantification in cord blood of prenatally exposed newborns and correlations with maternal concentrations. AJP Rep. 2016;6:e385–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meek JY, Noble L. Policy statement: breastfeeding and the use of human milk. Am Acad Pediatr. 2022;150:e2022057988.

Cheng FY, Shabanova V, Berkwitt AK, Grossman MR. Early weight loss percentile curves and feeding practices in opioid-exposed infants. Hosp Pediatr. 2022;12:857–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiegand TJ. The new kid on the block-incorporating buprenorphine into a medical toxicology practice. J Med Toxicol. 2016;12:64–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harrison JM, Stein BD, Loch SF, Lorch SA, Patrick SW. Hospital quality indicators for opioid-exposed infants: results from an expert consensus panel. Pediatrics. 2024;154:e2024065721.

Jones HE, O’Grady K, Dahne J, Johnson R, Lemoine L, Milio L, et al. Management of acute postpartum pain in patients maintained on methadone or buprenorphine during pregnancy. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2009;35:151–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bruzelius E, Martins SS. US Trends in Drug Overdose Mortality Among Pregnant and Postpartum Persons, 2017-2020. JAMA. 2022;328:2159–61.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar