GBD (2019) Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2020) Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 396(10258):1204–1222. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32226-1
GBD 2019 Adolescent Mortality Collaborators (2021) Global, regional, and national mortality among young people aged 10–24 years, 1950–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 398(10311):1593–1618. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01546-4
Polanczyk GV, Salum GA, Sugaya LS, Caye A, Rohde LA (2015) Annual research review: a meta-analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 56(3):345–365. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12381
Kieling C, Buchweitz C, Caye A et al (2024) Worldwide prevalence and disability from mental disorders across childhood and adolescence: evidence from the global burden of disease study. JAMA Psychiatr 81(4):347–356. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2023.5051
Degenhardt L, Stockings E, Patton G, Hall WD, Lynskey M (2016) The increasing global health priority of substance use in young people. Lancet Psychiatry 3(3):251–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(15)00508-8
Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M et al (2022) Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry 27(1):281–295. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Chen Q, Huang S, Xu H et al (2024) The burden of mental disorders in Asian countries, 1990–2019: an analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Transl Psychiatry 14(1):167. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-024-02864-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Oswald TK, Nguyen MT, Mirza L et al (2024) Interventions targeting social determinants of mental disorders and the sustainable development goals: a systematic review of reviews. Psychol Med 54(8):1475–1499. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291724000333
Zhang-James Y, Clay JWS, Aber RB, Gamble HM, Faraone SV (2025) Post-COVID-19 mental health distress in 13 million youth: a retrospective cohort study of electronic health records. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 64(1):65–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2024.03.023
Kiviruusu O, Ranta K, Lindgren M et al (2024) Mental health after the COVID-19 pandemic among Finnish youth: a repeated, cross-sectional, population-based study. Lancet Psychiatr 11(6):451–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00108-1
Skokauskas N, Fung D, Flaherty LT et al (2019) Shaping the future of child and adolescent psychiatry. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 13:19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13034-019-0279-y
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Castelpietra G, Knudsen AKS, Agardh EE et al (2022) The burden of mental disorders, substance use disorders and self-harm among young people in Europe, 1990–2019: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Reg Health Eur 16:100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100341
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Deng Y, Sun S, Wu S et al (2024) Burden and trends of mental disorders in China from 1990 to 2019: findings from the global burden of disease study 2019. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 59(9):1563–1576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-023-02594-x
Kenya Adolescent Mental Health Group (2023) Burden and risk factors of mental and substance use disorders among adolescents and young adults in Kenya: results from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. EClinicalMedicine 67:102328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102328
GBD 2021 Diseases and Injuries Collaborators (2024) Global incidence, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 371 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2133–2161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00757-8
GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators (2024) Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):2100–2132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00367-2
Li XY, Kong XM, Yang CH et al (2024) Global, regional, and national burden of ischemic stroke, 1990–2021: an analysis of data from the global burden of disease study 2021. EClinicalMedicine 75:102758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102758
Vigo DV, Kestel D, Pendakur K, Thornicroft G, Atun R (2019) Disease burden and government spending on mental, neurological, and substance use disorders, and self-harm: cross-sectional, ecological study of health system response in the Americas. Lancet Public Health 4(2):e89–e96. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(18)30203-2
Sun J, Qiao Y, Zhao M, Magnussen CG, Xi B (2023) Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases in youths and young adults aged 15–39 years in 204 countries/territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis of Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Med 21(1):222. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-023-02925-4
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Li Z, Yang Y, Wang X et al (2024) Comparative analysis of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease burden between ages 20–54 and over 55 years: insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMC Med 22(1):303. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-024-03527-4
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
GBD (2019) Mental Disorders Collaborators (2022) Global, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry 9(2):137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00395-3
Sawyer SM, Azzopardi PS, Wickremarathne D, Patton GC (2018) The age of adolescence. Lancet Child Adolesc Health 2(3):223–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(18)30022-1
Stevens GA, Alkema L, Black RE et al (2016) Guidelines for accurate and transparent health estimates reporting: the GATHER statement. PLoS Med 13(6):e1002056. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002056
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Han F, Liu B, Wang L et al (2025) Global, regional, and national epidemiology of opioid use disorder among adolescents and young adults, 1990–2019. J Adolesc Health 76(5):905–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2024.12.015
Bai Z, Han J, An J et al (2024) The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of congenital birth defects, 1990–2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2040. EClinicalMedicine 77:102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102873
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
GBD 2021 Demographics Collaborators (2024) Global age-sex-specific mortality, life expectancy, and population estimates in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1950–2021, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic: a comprehensive demographic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 403(10440):1989–2056. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00476-8
Patel V, Chisholm D, Parikh R et al (2016) Addressing the burden of mental, neurological, and substance use disorders: key messages from disease control priorities, 3rd edition. Lancet 387(10028):1672–1685. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00390-6
Piao J, Huang Y, Han C et al (2022) Alarming changes in the global burden of mental disorders in children and adolescents from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 31(11):1827–1845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02040-4
Xie X, Xue Q, Zhou Y et al (2020) Mental health status among children in home confinement during the Coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Pediatr 174(9):898–900. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1619
COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators (2021) Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet 398(10312):1700–1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
Comments (0)