Volkmann ER, Andréasson K, Smith V (2023) Systemic sclerosis. Lancet 401(10373):304–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01692-0
Cutolo M, Soldano S, Smith V (2019) Pathophysiology of systemic sclerosis: current understanding and new insights. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 15(7):753–764. https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666X.2019.1614915
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pope JE, Bellamy N, Seibold JR, Baron M, Ellman M, Carette S et al (2001) A randomized, controlled trial of methotrexate versus placebo in early diffuse scleroderma. Arthritis Rheum 44(6):1351–1358. https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200106)44:6%3c1351::AID-ART227%3e3.0.CO;2-I
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van den Hoogen FH, Boerbooms AM, Swaak AJ, Rasker JJ, van Lier HJ, van de Putte LB (1996) Comparison of methotrexate with placebo in the treatment of systemic sclerosis: a 24 week randomized double-blind trial, followed by a 24 week observational trial. Br J Rheumatol 35(4):364–372. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/35.4.364
Mendoza FA, Nagle SJ, Lee JB, Jimenez SA (2012) A prospective observational study of mycophenolate mofetil treatment in progressive diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis of recent onset. J Rheumatol 39(6):1241–1247. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.111229
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Le EN, Wigley FM, Shah AA, Boin F, Hummers LK (2011) Long-term experience of mycophenolate mofetil for treatment of diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 70(6):1104–1107. https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.2010.142000
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Barnes H, Holland AE, Westall GP, Goh NS, Glaspole IN (2018) Cyclophosphamide for connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1(1):CD010908. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD010908.pub2
Kowal-Bielecka O, Fransen J, Avouac J, Becker M, Kulak A, Allanore Y et al (2017) Update of EULAR recommendations for the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis 76(8):1327–1339. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209909
Tashkin DP, Elashoff R, Clements PJ, Goldin J, Roth MD, Furst DE et al (2006) Cyclophosphamide versus placebo in scleroderma lung disease. N Engl J Med 354:2655–2666. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa055120
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Clements PJ, Lachenbruch PA, Seibold JR, Zee B, Steen VD, Brennan P et al (1993) Skin thickness score in systemic sclerosis (SSc): An assessment of inter-observer variability in three independent studies. J Rheumatol 20:1892–1896
Pakas I, Ioannidis JP, Malagari K, Skopouli FN, Moutsopoulos HM, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG (2002) Cyclophosphamide with low or high dose prednisolone for systemic sclerosis lung disease. J Rheumatol 29(2):298–304
Namas R, Tashkin DP, Furst DE, Wilhalme H, Tseng CH, Roth MD et al (2018) Efficacy of mycophenolate mofetil and oral cyclophosphamide on skin thickness: post hoc analyses from two randomized placebo‐controlled trials. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 70(3):439–444. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23282
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nadashkevich O, Davis P, Fritzler M, Kovalenko W (2006) A randomized unblinded trial of cyclophosphamide versus azathioprine in the treatment of systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 25(2):205–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-005-1157-y
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Valentini G, Paone C, La Montagna G, Chiarolanza I, Menegozzo M, Colutta E et al (2006) Low-dose intravenous cyclophosphamide in systemic sclerosis: an open prospective efficacy study in patients with early diffuse disease. Scand J Rheumatol 35(1):35–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/03009740510026896
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Macedo PA, Borges CTL, de Souza RBC (2009) Cyclophosphamide: Effective in the treatment of severe cutaneous involvement in systemic sclerosis. Rev Bras Reumatol 49(3):265–275
Herrick AL, Lunt M, Whidby N, Ennis H, Silman A, McHugh N et al (2010) Observational study of treatment outcome in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis. J Rheumatol 37(1):116–124. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.090668
Burt RK, Shah SJ, Dill K, Grant T, Gheorghiade M, Schroeder J et al (2011) Autologous non-myeloablative haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation compared with pulse cyclophosphamide once per month for systemic sclerosis (ASSIST): an open-label, randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet 378(9790):498–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60982-3
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Domiciano DS, Bonfá E, Borges CT, Kairalla RA, Capelozzi VL, Parra E et al (2011) A long-term prospective randomized controlled study of non-specific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP) treatment in scleroderma. Clin Rheumatol 30(2):223–229. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-010-1493-4
Ostojic P, Damjanov N (2011) Effects of micronutrient antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid) on skin thickening and lung function in patients with early diffuse systemic sclerosis. Rheumatol Int 31(8):1051–1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-010-1398-1
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pérez Campos D, Estévez Del Toro M, Peña Casanovas A, González Rojas PP, Morales Sánchez L, Gutiérrez Rojas AR (2012) Are high doses of prednisone necessary for treatment of interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis? Reumatol Clin 8(2):58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reuma.2011.11.006
Poormoghim H, Rezaei N, Sheidaie Z, Almasi AR, Moradi-Lakeh M, Almasi S et al (2014) Systemic sclerosis: comparison of efficacy of oral cyclophosphamide and azathioprine on skin score and pulmonary involvement - a retrospective study. Rheumatol Int 34(12):1691–1699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00296-014-3026-y
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van Laar JM, Farge D, Sont JK, Naraghi K, Marjanovic Z, Larghero J et al (2014) Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation vs intravenous pulse cyclophosphamide in diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 311(24):2490–2498. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.6368
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Balbir-Gurman A, Yigla M, Guralnik L, Hardak E, Solomonov A, Rozin AP et al (2015) Long-term follow-up of patients with scleroderma interstitial lung disease treated with intravenous cyclophosphamide pulse therapy: a single-center experience. Isr Med Assoc J 17(3):150–156
Tashkin DP, Roth MD, Clements PJ, Furst DE, Khanna D, Kleerup EC et al (2016) Mycophenolate mofetil versus oral cyclophosphamide in scleroderma-related interstitial lung disease (SLS II): a randomised controlled, double-blind, parallel group trial. Lancet Respir Med 4(9):708–719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(16)30152-7
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Herrick AL, Pan X, Peytrignet S, Lunt M, Hesselstrand R, Mouthon L et al (2017) Treatment outcome in early diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis: the European Scleroderma Observational Study (ESOS). Ann Rheum Dis 76(7):1207–1218. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-210503
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sircar G, Goswami RP, Sircar D, Ghosh A, Ghosh P (2018) Intravenous cyclophosphamide vs rituximab for the treatment of early diffuse scleroderma lung disease: open label, randomized, controlled trial. Rheumatology (Oxford) 57(12):2106–2113. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/key213
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bruni C, Tashkin DP, Steen V, Allanore Y, Distler O, Grotts J et al (2020) Intravenous versus oral cyclophosphamide for lung and/or skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: an indirect comparison from EUSTAR and randomised controlled trials. Clin Exp Rheumatol 38(Suppl 125 3):161–168
Kersten BE, den Broeder N, van den Hoogen FHJ, Knaapen-Hans HAK, van den Ende CHM, Vonk MC (2020) Treatment with cyclophosphamide i.v. pulse therapy is an option for effective treatment of skin fibrosis in patients with early systemic sclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 59(7):1550–1555. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/kez487
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pan J, Dong F, Ma L, Zhao C, Qin F, Wen J et al (2023) Therapeutic effects of thalidomide on patients with systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease. J Scleroderma Relat Disord 8(3):231–240. https://doi.org/10.1177/23971983231180077
Comments (0)