Schwarz LA, Miyamichi K, Gao XJ, Beier KT, Weissbourd B, DeLoach KE, et al. Viral-genetic tracing of the input–output organization of a central noradrenaline circuit. Nature. 2015;524:88–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swanson LW. The locus coeruleus: a cytoarchitectonic, Golgi and immunohistochemical study in the albino rat. Brain Res. 1976;110:39–56.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baker KG, Tork I, Hornung JP, Halasz P. The human locus coeruleus complex: an immunohistochemical and three dimensional reconstruction study. Exp Brain Res. 1989;77:257–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

German DC, Walker BS, Manaye K, Smith WK, Woodward DJ, North AJ. The human locus coeruleus: computer reconstruction of cellular distribution. J Neurosci. 1988;8:1776–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perez DM. alpha(1)-Adrenergic receptors in neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and cognition. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:581098.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Poe GR, Foote S, Eschenko O, Johansen JP, Bouret S, Aston-Jones G, et al. Locus coeruleus: a new look at the blue spot. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2020;21:644–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Berridge CW, Spencer RC. Differential cognitive actions of norepinephrine a2 and a1 receptor signaling in the prefrontal cortex. Brain Res. 2016;1641:189–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aston-Jones G, Waterhouse B. Locus coeruleus: from global projection system to adaptive regulation of behavior. Brain Res. 2016;1645:75–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ranjbar-Slamloo Y, Fazlali Z. Dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain; overlapping or dissociate functions? Front Mol Neurosci. 2019;12:334.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weinshenker D. Long road to ruin: noradrenergic dysfunction in neurodegenerative disease. Trends Neurosci. 2018;41:211–23.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paredes-Rodriguez E, Vegas-Suarez S, Morera-Herreras T, Deurwaerdere PD, Miguelez C. The noradrenergic system in Parkinson’s disease. Front Pharmacol. 2020;11:435.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ray Chaudhuri K, Leta V, Bannister K, Brooks DJ, Svenningsson P. The noradrenergic subtype of Parkinson disease: from animal models to clinical practice. Nat Rev Neurol. 2023;19:333–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sara SJ, Bouret S. Orienting and reorienting: the locus coeruleus mediates cognition through arousal. Neuron. 2012;76:130–41.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carter ME, Yizhar O, Chikahisa S, Nguyen H, Adamantidis A, Nishino S, et al. Tuning arousal with optogenetic modulation of locus coeruleus neurons. Nat Neurosci. 2010;13:1526–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Su Z, Cohen JY. Two types of locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons drive reinforcement learning. Preprint at https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.12.08.519670.

Totah NK, Neves RM, Panzeri S, Logothetis NK, Eschenko O. The locus coeruleus is a complex and differentiated neuromodulatory system. Neuron. 2018;99:1055–68.e6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uematsu A, Tan BZ, Ycu EA, Cuevas JS, Koivumaa J, Junyent F, et al. Modular organization of the brainstem noradrenaline system coordinates opposing learning states. Nat Neurosci. 2017;20:1602–11.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirschberg S, Li Y, Randall A, Kremer EJ, Pickering AE. Functional dichotomy in spinal- vs prefrontal-projecting locus coeruleus modules splits descending noradrenergic analgesia from ascending aversion and anxiety in rats. Elife. 2017;6:e29808.

Chandler DJ, Gao WJ, Waterhouse BD. Heterogeneous organization of the locus coeruleus projections to prefrontal and motor cortices. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111:6816–21.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

McKinney A, Hu M, Hoskins A, Mohammadyar A, Naeem N, Jing J, et al. Cellular composition and circuit organization of the locus coeruleus of adult mice. Elife. 2023;12:e80100.

Seguela P, Watkins KC, Geffard M, Descarries L. Noradrenaline axon terminals in adult rat neocortex: an immunocytochemical analysis in serial thin sections. Neuroscience. 1990;35:249–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis DA, Morrison JH. Noradrenergic innervation of monkey prefrontal cortex: a dopamine-beta-hydroxylase immunohistochemical study. J Comp Neurol. 1989;282:317–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldman-Rakic PS, Lidow MS, Gallager DW. Overlap of dopaminergic, adrenergic, and serotoninergic receptors and complementarity of their subtypes in primate prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 1990;10:2125–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santana N, Artigas F. Laminar and cellular distribution of monoamine receptors in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Front Neuroanat. 2017;11:87.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee M, Mueller A, Moore T. Differences in noradrenaline receptor expression across different neuronal subtypes in macaque frontal eye field. Front Neuroanat. 2020;14:574130.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dembrow NC, Chitwood RA, Johnston D. Projection-specific neuromodulation of medial prefrontal cortex neurons. J Neurosci. 2010;30:16922–37.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Datta D, Yang ST, Galvin VC, Solder J, Luo F, Morozov YM, et al. Noradrenergic alpha1-adrenoceptor actions in the primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurosci. 2019;39:2722–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitrano DA, Schroeder JP, Smith Y, Cortright JJ, Bubula N, Vezina P, et al. alpha-1 Adrenergic receptors are localized on presynaptic elements in the nucleus accumbens and regulate mesolimbic dopamine transmission. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2012;37:2161–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Santana N, Mengod G, Artigas F. Expression of alpha(1)-adrenergic receptors in rat prefrontal cortex: cellular co-localization with 5-HT2A receptors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2013;16:1139–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kawaguchi Y, Shindou T. Noradrenergic excitation and inhibition of GABAergic cell types in rat frontal cortex. J Neurosci. 1998;18:6963–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang M, Ramos BP, Paspalas CD, Shu Y, Simen A, Duque A, et al. Alpha2A-adrenoceptors strengthen working memory networks by inhibiting cAMP-HCN channel signaling in prefrontal cortex. Cell. 2007;129:397–410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joyce MKP, Yang S, Morin K, Duque A, Arellano J, Datta D, et al. beta1-adrenoceptor expression on GABAergic interneurons in primate dorsolateral prefrontal cortex: potential role in stress-induced cognitive dysfunction. Neurobiol Stress. 2024;30:100628.