Krüppel-like factors: potential roles in blood-brain barrier dysfunction and epileptogenesis

World Health Organization. Epilepsy: a public health imperative. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2019. p. 1–171.

World Health Organization. Improving the lives of people with epilepsy: a technical brief. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2022. p. 1–43.

Clossen BL, Reddy DS. Novel therapeutic approaches for disease-modification of epileptogenesis for curing epilepsy. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017;1863:1519–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heinemann U. Epilepsy; Basic mechanisms. In: Aminoff MJ, Daroff RB, editors. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014. p. 93–96.

Fauser S, Tumani H. Epilepsy. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;146:259–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thijs RD, Surges R, O’Brien TJ, Sander JW. Epilepsy in adults. Lancet. 2019;393:689–701.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pitkanen A, Lukasiuk K, Dudek E, Staley KJ. Epileptogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2015;5:1–18.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pitkänen A, Engel J. Past and present definitions of epileptogenesis and its biomarkers. Neurotherapeutics. 2014;11:231–41.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Klein P, Tyrlikova I. No prevention or cure of epilepsy as yet. Neuropharmacology. 2020;168:107762.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mukhtar I. Inflammatory and immune mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and epilepsy: From pathogenesis to treatment target. Seizure. 2020;82:65–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hunt RF, Boychuk JA, Smith BN. Neural circuit mechanisms of post–traumatic epilepsy. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:89.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reddy SD, Younus I, Sridhar V, Reddy DS. Neuroimaging biomarkers of experimental epileptogenesis and refractory epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20:1–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lukasiuk K. Epileptogenesis. In: Aminoff MJ, Daroff RB, editors. Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2014. p. 196–199.

Löscher W, Hirsch LJ, Schmidt D. The enigma of the latent period in the development of symptomatic acquired epilepsy—Traditional view versus new concepts. Epilepsy Behav. 2015;52:78–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saito T, Saito Y, Sugai K, Nakagawa E, Komaki H, Okazaki T, et al. Late-onset epilepsy in children with acute febrile encephalopathy with prolonged convulsions: a clinical and encephalographic study. Brain Dev. 2013;35:531–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Łukawski K, Andres-Mach M, Czuczwar M, Łuszczki JJ, Kruszyński K, Czuczwar SJ. Mechanisms of epileptogenesis and preclinical approach to antiepileptogenic therapies. Pharmacol Rep. 2018;70:284–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Youn Y, Sung IK, Lee IG. The role of cytokines in seizures: interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-8, and IL-10. Korean J Pediatr. 2013;56:271.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reiss Y, Bauer S, David B, Devraj K, Fidan E, Hattingen E, et al. The neurovasculature as a target in temporal lobe epilepsy. Brain Pathol. 2023;33:e13147.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo D, Zhang B, Han L, Rensing NR, Wong M. Cerebral vascular and blood brain–barrier abnormalities in a mouse model of epilepsy and tuberous sclerosis complex. Epilepsia. 2024;65:483–96.

Löscher W, Friedman A. Structural, molecular, and functional alterations of the blood-brain barrier during epileptogenesis and epilepsy: a cause, consequence, or both? Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:591.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Obermeier B, Daneman R, Ransohoff RM. Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Nat Med. 2013;19:1584–96.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Swissa E, Serlin Y, Vazana U, Prager O, Friedman A. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in status epileptics: mechanisms and role in epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Behav. 2019;101:106285.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Lanen RHGJ, Haeren RHL, Staals J, Dings JTA, Schijns OEMG, Hoogland G, et al. Cerebrovascular glycocalyx damage and microcirculation impairment in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2023;43:1737–51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhao F, Zhong L, Luo Y. Endothelial glycocalyx as an important factor in composition of blood-brain barrier. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2021;27:26–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kutuzov N, Flyvbjerg H, Lauritzen M. Contributions of the glycocalyx, endothelium, and extravascular compartment to the blood–brain Barrier. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:E9429–38.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu J, Li X, Yin J, Hu Y, Gu Y, Pan S. Glycocalyx degradation leads to blood-brain barrier dysfunction and brain edema after asphyxia cardiac arrest in rats. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2018;38:1979–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takata F, Nakagawa S, Matsumoto J, Dohgu S. Blood-brain barrier dysfunction amplifies the development of neuroinflammation: understanding of cellular events in brain microvascular endothelial cells for prevention and treatment of BBB dysfunction. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:661838.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

van Vliet EA, Aronica E, Gorter JA. Role of blood-brain barrier in temporal lobe epilepsy and pharmacoresistance. Neuroscience. 2014;277:455–73.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gilad R, Lampl Y, Eilam A, Boaz M, Loyberboim M. SPECT-DTPA as a tool for evaluating the blood-brain barrier in post-stroke seizures. J Neurol. 2012;259:2041–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mendes NF, Pansani AP, Carmanhães ERF, Tange P, Meireles JV, Ochikubo M, et al. The blood-brain barrier breakdown during acute phase of the pilocarpine model of epilepsy Is dynamic and time-dependent. Front Neurol. 2019;10:382.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu WY, Wang ZB, Wang Y, Tong LC, Li Y, Wei X, et al. Increasing the permeability of the blood-brain barrier in three different models in vivo. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2015;21:568–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris G, Fernandes BS, Puri BK, Walker AJ, Carvalho AF, Berk M. Leaky brain in neurological and psychiatric disorders: drivers and consequences. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2018;52:924–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greene C, Hanley N, Campbell M. Blood-brain barrier associated tight junction disruption is a hallmark feature of major psychiatric disorders. Transl Psychiatry. 2020;10:373.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Deshwar AR, Cytrynbaum C, Murthy H, Zon J, Chitayat D, Volpatti J, et al. Variants in CLDN5 cause a syndrome characterized by seizures, microcephaly and brain calcifications. Brain. 2023;146:2285–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han H, Mann A, Ekstein D, Eyal S. Breaking bad: the structure and function of the blood-brain barrier in epilepsy. AAPS J. 2017;19:973–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiruska P, Freestone D, Gnatkovsky V, Wang Y. An update on the seizures beget seizures theory. Epilepsia. 2023;64:S13–S24.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Boison D, Sandau US, Ruskin DN, Kawamura M, Masino SA. Homeostatic control of brain function—new approaches to understand epileptogenesis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:109.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sano F, Shigetomi E, Shinozaki Y, Tsuzukiyama H, Saito K, Mikoshiba K, et al. Reactive astrocyte-driven epileptogenesis is induced by microglia initially activated following status epilepticus. JCI Insight. 2021;6:e135391.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benson MJ, Manzanero S, Borges K. Complex alterations in microglial M1/M2 markers during the development of epilepsy in two mouse models. Epilepsia. 2015;56:895–905.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haruwaka K, Ikegami A, Tachibana Y, Ohno N, Konishi H, Hashimoto A, et al. Dual microglia effects on blood brain barrier permeability induced by systemic inflammation. Nat Commun. 2019;10:5816.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Henning L, Unichenko P, Bedner P, Steinhäuser C, Henneberger C. Astrocytes as initiators of epilepsy. Neurochem Res. 2022;48:1091–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liddelow SA, Guttenplan KA, Clarke LE, Bennett FC, Bohlen CJ, Schirmer L, et al. Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia. Nature 2017;541:481–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed 

Comments (0)

No login
gif