From the aDepartment of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC

bUniversity of North Carolina Injury Prevention Research Center, Chapel Hill, NC

cDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC

dUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC

eCancer Information and Population Health Resource, University of North Carolina Lineberger Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC

fUniversity of Nebraska Medical Center College of Allied Health Professions, Omaha, NE.

Submitted June 27, 2023; accepted September 24, 2023

This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number F31DA055345 (M.C.F.). A.J.S. is also supported by NIDA (K23DA049946). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Work was also supported by the Cancer Information and Population Health Resource at the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, with funding provided by the University Cancer Research Fund via the state of North Carolina. The findings and conclusions in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the view of the NC Department of Health and Human Services, Division of Public Health.

N.D. of this publication has an editorial relationship with the American Journal of Public Health, which is published by APHA. This relationship has been disclosed to UNC-Chapel Hill. The other authors have no conflicts to report.

Supplemental digital content is available through direct URL citations in the HTML and PDF versions of this article (www.epidem.com).

Diagnoses-derived variable definitions are included in the supplemental materials. Other computing codes are available upon reasonable request. The individual-level data are not available for replication because of data privacy.

Correspondence: Mary C. Figgatt, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. E-mail: [email protected].