We conducted a two-week operational evaluation during which all scheduled appointments were reviewed for accuracy and completeness using the RPA-generated calendar during daily morning briefings. Prior to implementation, omissions of patient names and appointment dates were commonly identified through manual cross-checking.

A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed to 15 clinical staff directly involved in the radiotherapy workflow (3 physicians, 5 nurses, and 7 radiotherapy technologists, including the department head). The questionnaire included 13 items across five sections: (1) estimated manual input time, (2) perceived error frequency, (3) workload burden, (4) changes in efficiency and errors post-implementation, and (5) free-text suggestions for improvement. The survey, offered in both paper and online formats, combined Likert-type scales with one open-ended question. Participation was voluntary and anonymous. Respondents were selected by departmental heads based on their involvement in scheduling tasks; the authors were not involved in the selection process. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board (Approval No. 2025002).

For analysis, time-range responses from the questionnaire (e.g., “5–10 min”) were converted to their mid-points (e.g., 7.5 min). All quantitative results are reported as medians with inter-quartile ranges (IQR).

Each item was rated on a 5-point ordinal scale as follows:

Whiteboard writing time (for each appointment time):

1 = < 5 min, 2 = 5–10 min, 3 = 10–15 min, 4 = 15–30 min, 5 = > 30 min.

Error frequency:

1 = Frequently (> every 2 weeks), 2 = Monthly, 3 = Every 2–3 months, 4 = < every 6 months, 5 = Never (0/year).

Perceived burden:

1 = Very burdensome, 2 = Somewhat burdensome, 3 = Neutral, 4 = Not very burdensome, 5 = Not burdensome at all.

Perceived change after RPA introduction (efficiency, error rate, and workload):

1 = Significantly increased, 2 = Somewhat increased, 3 = No change, 4 = Somewhat reduced/decreased, 5 = Significantly reduced/decreased.