Abdi IY, Hashish SA, El-Agnaf OA (2025) Seeding amplification assay: limitations and insights for enhanced clinical and research applications. J Parkinsons Dis 1877718x251325124. https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718x251325124

Baiardi S, Hansson O, Levin J, Parchi P (2024) In vivo detection of alzheimer’s and lewy body disease concurrence: clinical implications and future perspectives. Alzheimer’s Dement 20(8):5757–5770. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.14039

Article  Google Scholar 

Bellomo G, De Luca CMG, Paoletti FP, Gaetani L, Moda F, Parnetti L (2022) α-Synuclein seed amplification assays for diagnosing synucleinopathies: the way forward. Neurology 99(5):195–205. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000200878

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bellomo G, Toja A, Paolini Paoletti F, Ma Y, Farris CM, Gaetani L, Salvadori N, Chiasserini D, Wojdaƚa AL, Concha-Marambio L, Parnetti L (2024) Investigating alpha‐synuclein co‐pathology in alzheimer’s disease by means of cerebrospinal fluid alpha‐synuclein seed amplification assay. Alzheimer’s Dement 20(4):2444–2452. https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.13658

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bendetowicz D, Planche V, Bezard E, Dehay B, Meissner WG (2025) Biological definitions of synucleinopathies should be anchored in clinical trajectories and encompass the complex biology of the disease. J Parkinsons Dis 1877718x241313443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718x241313443

Bernhardt AM, Longen S, Trossbach SV, Rossi M, Weckbecker D, Schmidt F, Jäck A, Katzdobler S, Fietzek UM, Weidinger E, Palleis C, Ruf V, Baiardi S, Parchi P, Höglinger GU, Matthias T, Levin J, Giese A (2025) A quantitative Lewy-fold-specific alpha-synuclein seed amplification assay as a progression marker for Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-025-02853-y

Best L, Ghadery C, Pavese N, Tai YF, Strafella AP (2019) New and old TSPO PET radioligands for imaging brain microglial activation in neurodegenerative disease. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 19(5):24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-0934-y

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB (2020) The genetic architecture of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol 19(2):170–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30287-x

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Buchman AS, Shulman JM, Nag S, Leurgans SE, Arnold SE, Morris MC, Schneider JA, Bennett DA (2012) Nigral pathology and Parkinsonian signs in elders without Parkinson disease. Ann Neurol 71(2):258–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.22588

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burré J, Edwards RH, Halliday G, Lang AE, Lashuel HA, Melki R, Murayama S, Outeiro TF, Papa SM, Stefanis L, Woerman AL, Surmeier DJ, Kalia LV, Takahashi R (2024) Research priorities on the role of α-<scp > Synuclein in Parkinson’s disease pathogenesis</scp >. Mov Disord 39(10):1663–1678. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29897

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Bustos BI, Billingsley K, Blauwendraat C, Gibbs JR, Gan-Or Z, Krainc D, Singleton AB, Lubbe SJ (2023) Genome-wide contribution of common short-tandem repeats to Parkinson’s disease genetic risk. Brain 146(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac301

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butcher NJ, Kiehl T-R, Hazrati L-N, Chow EWC, Rogaeva E, Lang AE, Bassett AS (2013) Association between early-onset Parkinson disease and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. JAMA Neurol 70(11):1359. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.3646

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calabresi P, Mechelli A, Natale G, Volpicelli-Daley L, Di Lazzaro G, Ghiglieri V (2023) Alpha-synuclein in Parkinson’s disease and other synucleinopathies: from overt neurodegeneration back to early synaptic dysfunction. Cell Death Dis 14(3). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-023-05672-9

Cardoso F, Goetz CG, Mestre TA, Sampaio C, Adler CH, Berg D, Bloem BR, Burn DJ, Fitts MS, Gasser T, Klein C, De Tijssen MAJ, Lang AE, Lim SY, Litvan I, Meissner WG, Mollenhauer B, Okubadejo N, Okun MS, Trenkwalder C (2024) A statement of the MDS on biological definition, staging, and classification of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 39(2):259–266. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.29683

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chahine LM, Brumm MC, Nair AR, Mosovsky S, Polinski NK, Beach TG, Mollenhauer B, Adler CH, Akhtar R, Amara A, Arnedo V, Breen DP, Brumm MC, Caspell-Garcia C, Coffey C, Crary J, Dave K, Foroud T, Hogarth P, White CL (2025) Application of new biologic disease criteria for synucleinopathies to the systemic synuclein sampling study cohort. NPJ Parkinson’s Disease. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-025-00919-y

Chopra A, Lang AE, Höglinger G, Outeiro TF (2024) Towards a biological diagnosis of PD. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 122:106078. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2024.106078

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Chu Y, Hirst WD, Kordower JH (2023) Mixed pathology as a rule, not exception: time to reconsider disease nosology. Handb Clin Neurol 192:57–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85538-9.00012-2

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cykowski MD, Coon EA, Powell SZ, Jenkins SM, Benarroch EE, Low PA, Schmeichel AM, Parisi JE (2015) Expanding the spectrum of neuronal pathology in multiple system atrophy. Brain 138(8):2293–2309. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awv114

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dam T, Pagano G, Brumm MC, Gochanour C, Poston KL, Weintraub D, Chahine LM, Coffey C, Tanner CM, Kopil CM, Xiao Y, Chowdhury S, Concha-Marambio L, Dibiaso P, Foroud T, Frasier M, Jennings D, Kieburtz K, Merchant K, Wubuli D (2024) Neuronal alpha-Synuclein disease integrated staging system performance in PPMI, PASADENA, and SPARK baseline cohorts. NPJ Parkinson’s Dis. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41531-024-00789-w

Dickson DW, Fujishiro H, DelleDonne A, Menke J, Ahmed Z, Klos KJ, Josephs KA, Frigerio R, Burnett M, Parisi JE, Ahlskog JE (2008) Evidence that incidental lewy body disease is pre-symptomatic Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol 115(4):437–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-008-0345-7

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dubois B, Villain N, Schneider L, Fox N, Campbell N, Galasko D, Kivipelto M, Jessen F, Hanseeuw B, Boada M, Barkhof F, Nordberg A, Froelich L, Waldemar G, Frederiksen KS, Padovani A, Planche V, Rowe C, Bejanin A, Frisoni GB (2024) Alzheimer disease as a clinical-biological construct-an international working group recommendation. JAMA Neurol 81(12):1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2024.3770

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dzialas V, Bischof GN, Möllenhoff K, Drzezga A, Van Eimeren T (2025) Dopamine transporter imaging as objective monitoring biomarker in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.27223

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Espay AJ, Kalia LV, Gan-Or Z, Williams-Gray CH, Bedard PL, Rowe SM, Morgante F, Fasano A, Stecher B, Kauffman MA, Farrer MJ, Coffey CS, Schwarzschild MA, Sherer T, Postuma RB, Strafella AP, Singleton AB, Barker RA, Kieburtz K, Lang AE (2020) Disease modification and biomarker development in Parkinson disease: revision or reconstruction? Neurology. 94(11):481–494. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009107

Gan-Or Z, Amshalom I, Kilarski LL, Bar-Shira A, Gana-Weisz M, Mirelman A, Marder K, Bressman S, Giladi N, Orr-Urtreger A (2015) Differential effects of severe vs mild < i > gba mutations on Parkinson disease. Neurology 84(9):880–887. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000001315

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gelb DJ, Oliver E, Gilman S (1999) Diagnostic criteria for Parkinson disease. Arch Neurol 56(1):33–39. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.56.1.33

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Gibbons CH, Levine T, Adler C, Bellaire B, Wang N, Stohl J, Agarwal P, Aldridge GM, Barboi A, Evidente VGH, Galasko D, Geschwind MD, Gonzalez-Duarte A, Gil R, Gudesblatt M, Isaacson SH, Kaufmann H, Khemani P, Kumar R, Freeman R (2024) Skin biopsy detection of phosphorylated α-Synuclein in patients with synucleinopathies. JAMA 331(15):1298–1306. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2024.0792

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grossauer A, Hemicker G, Krismer F, Peball M, Djamshidian A, Poewe W, Seppi K, Heim B (2023) α-Synuclein seed amplification assays in the diagnosis of synucleinopathies using cerebrospinal fluid—a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Mov Disorders Clin Pract 10(5):737–747. https://doi.org/10.1002/mdc3.13710

Article  Google Scholar 

Han Y, He Z (2023) Concomitant protein pathogenesis in Parkinson’s disease and perspective mechanisms. Front Aging Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2023.1189809

Hastings A, Cullinane P, Wrigley S, Revesz T, Morris HR, Dickson JC, Jaunmuktane Z, Warner TT, De Pablo-Fernández E (2024) Neuropathologic validation and diagnostic accuracy of presynaptic dopaminergic imaging in the diagnosis of Parkinsonism. Neurology 102(11):e209453. https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000209453

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hatano T, Okuzumi A, Matsumoto G, Tsunemi T, Hattori N (2024) α-Synuclein: a promising biomarker for Parkinson’s disease and related disorders. J Mov Disord 17(2):127–137. https://doi.org/10.14802/jmd.24075

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Höglinger GU, Adler CH, Berg D, Klein C, Outeiro TF, Poewe W, Postuma R, Stoessl AJ, Lang AE (2024a) A biological classification of Parkinson’s disease: the synneurge research diagnostic criteria. Lancet Neurol 23(2):191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(23)00404-0

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Höglinger GU, Lang AE (2024b) SynNeurGe: The road ahead for a biological definition of Parkinson’s disease. J Parkinsons Dis 1877718x241298194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1877718x241298194

Höglinger GU, Lang AE (2024c) The why and how of the synnerge criteria of Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm 131(10):1149–1154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00702-024-02797-9

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hsam O, Kohl Z (2023) Serotonin in synucleinopathies. Behav Brain Res 445:114367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114367

Article  PubMed  CAS