Carolina Sportelli abd Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz contributed equally and are joint 1st author.

Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital, Denmark Hill, London, SE5 9RS, UK

Carolina Sportelli, Corinne Borley, Vinod Metta, Valentina Leta, Kit Wu, Anna Sauerbier, Daniele Urso, Rosabel Chen & K. Ray Chaudhuri

Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College, London, UK

Carolina Sportelli, Corinne Borley, Vinod Metta, Valentina Leta, Kit Wu, Anna Sauerbier, Daniele Urso, Rosabel Chen & K. Ray Chaudhuri

Department of Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland

Karolina Poplawska-Domaszewicz

Parkinson’s Foundation Centre of Excellence, King’s College Hospital London, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Vinod Metta

Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Parkinson and Movement Disorders Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico “Carlo Besta”, Milan, Italy

Valentina Leta

Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany

Anna Sauerbier

Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases and the Aging Brain, Department of Clinical Research in Neurology, University of Bari ‘Aldo Moro’, “Pia Fondazione Cardinale G. Panico”, Tricase, Lecce, Italy

Carlo Santoro, Salvatore Landolfo & Daniele Urso

Dementech Neuroscience Academic Centre, London, UK

Rosabel Chen & K. Ray Chaudhuri

Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University, London, UK

Yogini Chokeepermal-Naidu

Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, County Clinic Hospital, Transilvania University Brasov, Braşov, Romania

Cristian Falup-Pecurariu

King’s College London, 5 Cutcombe Road, London, SE5 9RX, UK

K. Ray Chaudhuri

KRC and KPD: Wrote the first draft and discussion. CS, CB and KRC: Captured data and wrote the original abstract. VM, VL, AX, CS. SL, DU are collaborators in the Drive PD study and reviewed and provided critique for the discussion. RC: Helped format and stylistic input to the paper. YN: Provided expert nursing input to the study and conclusions. CFP, KPD, VM, AS, DU, AS, KW: Provided expert review of the paper and critique.