United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 4 2011 [Available from: https://www.epa.gov/expobox/exposure-factors-handbook-chapter-4.
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 5 2017 [Available from: https://www.epa.gov/expobox/exposure-factors-handbook-chapter-5.
Xue J, Liu SV, Zartarian VG, Geller AM, Schultz BD. Analysis of NHANES measured blood PCBs in the general US population and application of SHEDS model to identify key exposure factors. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2014;24:615–21.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Xue J, Zartarian V, Wang S-W, Liu SV, Georgopoulos P. Probabilistic modeling of dietary arsenic exposure and dose and evaluation with 2003–2004 NHANES data. Environ Health Perspect. 2010;118:345–50.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Xue J, Zartarian V, Tornero-Velez R, Tulve NS. EPA’s SHEDS-multimedia model: Children’s cumulative pyrethroid exposure estimates and evaluation against NHANES biomarker data. Environ Int. 2014;73:304–11.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Ozkaynak H, Glen G, Cohen J, Hubbard H, Thomas K, Phillips L, et al. Model based prediction of age-specific soil and dust ingestion rates for children. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2022;32:472–80.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ferguson AC, Canales RA, Beamer P, Auyeung W, Key M, Munninghoff A, et al. Video methods in the quantification of children’s exposures. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2006;16:287–98.
U.S. EPA. Exposure Factors Handbook Chapter 4 2011 [Available from: https://www.epa.gov/expobox/exposure-factors-handbook-chapter-4.
Juberg DR, Alfano K, Coughlin RJ, Thompson KM. An observational study of object mouthing behavior by young children. Pediatrics. 2001;107:135–42.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Tsou MC, Ozkaynak H, Beamer P, Dang W, Hsi HC, Jiang CB, et al. Mouthing activity data for children age 3 to <6 years old and fraction of hand area mouthed for children age <6 years old in Taiwan. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2018;28:182–92.
Tsou MC, Ozkaynak H, Beamer P, Dang W, Hsi HC, Jiang CB, et al. Mouthing activity data for children aged 7 to 35 months in Taiwan. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2015;25:388–98.
Zartarian VG, Streicker J, Rivera A, Cornejo CS, Molina S, Valadez OF, et al. A pilot study to collect micro-activity data of two- to four-year-old farm labor children in Salinas Valley, California. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1995;5:21–34.
Reed KJ, Jimenez M, Freeman NC, Lioy PJ. Quantification of children’s hand and mouthing activities through a videotaping methodology. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 1999;9:513–20.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Beamer P, Key ME, Ferguson AC, Canales RA, Auyeung W, Leckie JO. Quantified activity pattern data from 6 to 27-month-old farmworker children for use in exposure assessment. Environ Res. 2008;108:239–46.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Ferguson A, Dwivedi A, Adelabu F, Ehindero E, Lamssali M, Obeng-Gyasi E, et al. Quantified activity patterns for young children in beach environments relevant for exposure to contaminants. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18. https://www.mdpi.com/about/announcements/784.
Beamer PI, Luik CE, Canales RA, Leckie JO. Quantified outdoor micro-activity data for children aged 7-12-years old. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2012;22:82–92.
Auyeung W, Canales RA, Beamer P, Ferguson AC, Leckie JO. Young children’s hand contact activities: an observational study via videotaping in primarily outdoor residential settings. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2006;16:434–46.
Asan O, Montague E. Using video-based observation research methods in primary care health encounters to evaluate complex interactions. Inf Prim Care. 2014;21:161–70.
Lupolt SN, Zhang G, Wang J, Tang S, Cho J, Lyu Q, et al. Development and evaluation of computer vision algorithm for quantification of children’s microactivities. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2025 (in press).
United States Environmental Protection Agency. Childhood Lifestages relating to Children’s Environmental Health 2025 [Available from: https://www.epa.gov/children/childhood-lifestages-relating-childrens-environmental-health.
Cohen Hubal EA, de Wet T, Du Toit L, Firestone MP, Ruchirawat M, van Engelen J, et al. Identifying important life stages for monitoring and assessing risks from exposures to environmental contaminants: Results of a World Health Organization review. Regul Toxicol Pharm. 2014;69:113–24.
Cohen Hubal EA, Moya J, Selevan SG. A lifestage approach to assessing children’s exposure. Birth Defects Res Part B: Dev Reprod Toxicol. 2008;83:522–9.
Groot EML, MC, Steenbekkers, LPA Mouthing behaviour of young children; An observational study (summary report). RIVM report 613320 002 RIVM Bilthoven, The Netherlands, September 1998.
Feldman DH Beyond universals in cognitive development, 2nd ed. Westport, CT, US: Ablex Publishing; 1994.
BuildClinical. 2025 [Available from: https://www.buildclinical.com/.
Squires J, Bricker D Ages and Stages Questionnaires: A Parent-Completed Child Monitoring System: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co. Inc.; 2009.
Szeliski R Computer vision: algorithms and applications: Springer Nature; 2022.
Ren T, Liu S, Zeng A, Lin J, Li K, Cao H, et al. Grounded sam: Assembling open-world models for diverse visual tasks. arXiv preprint arXiv:240114159. 2024.
MMPose Contributors. Openmmlab pose estimation toolbox and benchmark 2020 [Available from: https://github.com/open-mmlab/mmpose.
Sun K, Xiao B, Liu D, Wang J, editors. Deep high-resolution representation learning for human pose estimation. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF conference on computer vision and pattern recognition; 2019.
Jin S, Xu L, Xu J, Wang C, Liu W, Qian C, et al., editors. Whole-body human pose estimation in the wild. Computer Vision–ECCV 2020: 16th European Conference, Glasgow, UK, August 23–28, 2020, Proceedings, Part IX 16; 2020: Springer.
Kirillov A, Mintun E, Ravi N, Mao H, Rolland C, Gustafson L, et al., editors. Segment anything. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision; 2023.
Shuai Q, Geng C, Fang Q, Peng S, Shen W, Zhou X, et al. EasyMocap-make human motion capture easier. Github. 2021;1:6.
He K, Zhang X, Ren S, Sun J, editors. Deep residual learning for image recognition. Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern recognition; 2016.
Squires J, Twombly, E, Bricker, D & Potter, L ASQ-3 User’s Guide. Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes Publishing.; 2009.
Xue J, Zartarian V, Moya J, Freeman N, Beamer P, Black K, et al. A meta-analysis of children’s hand-to-mouth frequency data for estimating nondietary ingestion exposure. Risk Anal. 2007;27:411–20.
Xue J, Zartarian V, Tulve N, Moya J, Freeman N, Auyeung W, et al. A meta-analysis of children’s object-to-mouth frequency data for estimating non-dietary ingestion exposure. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2010;20:536–45.
Freeman NC, Jimenez M, Reed KJ, Gurunathan S, Edwards RD, Roy A, et al. Quantitative analysis of children’s microactivity patterns: the Minnesota Children’s Pesticide Exposure Study. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2001;11:501–9.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Xie M, Wu Y, Little JC, Marr LC. Phthalates and alternative plasticizers and potential for contact exposure from children’s backpacks and toys. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2016;26:119–24.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Guney M, Zagury GJ. Contamination by ten harmful elements in toys and children’s jewelry bought on the North American Market. Environ Sci Technol. 2013;47:5921–30.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Brandsma SH, Leonards PEG, Koekkoek JC, Samsonek J, Puype F. Migration of hazardous contaminants from WEEE contaminated polymeric toy material by mouthing. Chemosphere. 2022;294:133774.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Ionas AC, Dirtu AC, Anthonissen T, Neels H, Covaci A. Downsides of the recycling process: Harmful organic chemicals in children’s toys. Environ Int. 2014;65:54–62.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Aurisano N, Fantke P, Huang L, Jolliet O. Estimating mouthing exposure to chemicals in children’s products. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2022;32:94–102.
Comments (0)