Kabir, E. R., Rahman, M. S. & Rahman, I. A review on endocrine disruptors and their possible impacts on human health. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. 40, 241–258 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kahn, L. G., Philippat, C., Nakayama, S. F., Slama, R. & Trasande, L. J. T. L. D. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: implications for human health. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 8, 703–718 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Darbre, P. D. in Endocrine Disruption and Human Health. (ed. Darbre, P. D.) 27–45 (Elsevier, 2015).

Demeneix, B., Vandenberg, L. N., Ivell, R. & Zoeller, R. T. Thresholds and endocrine disruptors: an Endocrine Society policy perspective. J. Endocr. Soc. 4, bvaa085 (2020).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gore, A. C. et al. EDC-2: the Endocrine Society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr. Rev. 36, E1–E150 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gore, A. et al. Executive summary to EDC-2: the Endocrine Society’s second scientific statement on endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Endocr. Rev. 36, 593–602 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lauretta, R., Sansone, A., Sansone, M., Romanelli, F. & Appetecchia, M. Endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on endocrine glands. Front. Endocrinol. 10, 178 (2019).

Article  Google Scholar 

Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229–263 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denmeade, S. R., Lin, X. S. & Isaacs, J. T. Role of programmed (apoptotic) cell death during the progression and therapy for prostate cancer. Prostate 28, 251–265 (1996).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Debes, J. D. & Tindall, D. J. The role of androgens and the androgen receptor in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett. 187, 1–7 (2002).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morote, J., Aguilar, A., Planas, J. & Trilla, E. Definition of castrate resistant prostate cancer: new insights. Biomedicines 10, 689 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lombardi, A. P. G., Vicente, C. M. & Porto, C. S. Estrogen receptors promote migration, invasion and colony formation of the androgen-independent prostate cancer cells PC-3 through β-catenin pathway. Front. Endocrinol. 11, 184 (2020).

Article  Google Scholar 

Figueira, M. I. et al. The pros and cons of estrogens in prostate cancer: an update with a focus on phytoestrogens. Biomedicines 12, 1636 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prins, G. S. Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression. Endocrinology 130, 2401–2412 (1992).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prins, G. S., Tang, W. Y., Belmonte, J. & Ho, S. M. Perinatal exposure to oestradiol and bisphenol A alters the prostate epigenome and increases susceptibility to carcinogenesis. Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 102, 134–138 (2008).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rago, V., Romeo, F., Giordano, F., Ferraro, A. & Carpino, A. Identification of the G protein‐coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) in human prostate: expression site of the estrogen receptor in the benign and neoplastic gland. Andrology 4, 121–127 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bonkhoff, H. Estrogen receptor signaling in prostate cancer: implications for carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Prostate 78, 2–10 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Figueira, M. I., Cardoso, H. J. & Socorro, S. in Recent Trends in Cancer Biology: Spotlight on Signaling Cascades microRNAs. (eds. Fayyaz, S. & Farooqi, A. A.) 59–117 (Springer, 2018).

Ramírez-de-Arellano, A. et al. Distribution and effects of estrogen receptors in prostate cancer: associated molecular mechanisms. Front. Endocrinol. 12, 811578 (2022).

Article  Google Scholar 

Kelce, W. R., Lambright, C. R., Gray, L. E. & Roberts, K. P. Vinclozolin and p,p′-DDE alter androgen-dependent gene expression: in vivo confirmation of an androgen receptor-mediated mechanism. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 142, 192–200 (1997).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gaido, K. W. et al. Interaction of methoxychlor and related compounds with estrogen receptor α and β, and androgen receptor: structure-activity studies. Mol. Pharmacol. 58, 852–858 (2000).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lemaire, G., Terouanne, B., Mauvais, P., Michel, S. & Rahmani, R. Effect of organochlorine pesticides on human androgen receptor activation in vitro. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 196, 235–246 (2004).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wetherill, Y. B., Petre, C. E., Monk, K. R., Puga, A. & Knudsen, K. E. The xenoestrogen bisphenol A induces inappropriate androgen receptor activation and mitogenesis in prostatic adenocarcinoma cells. Mol. Cancer Ther. 1, 515–524 (2002).

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu, L.-C. et al. Evaluation of androgen receptor transcriptional activities of bisphenol A, octylphenol and nonylphenol in vitro. Toxicology 216, 197–203 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Singh, V. K. et al. Exposure of androgen mimicking environmental chemicals enhances proliferation of prostate cancer (LNCaP) cells by inducing AR expression and epigenetic modifications. Environ. Pollut. 272, 116397 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ezechias, M., Janochova, J., Filipova, A., Kresinova, Z. & Cajthaml, T. Widely used pharmaceuticals present in the environment revealed as in vitro antagonists for human estrogen and androgen receptors. Chemosphere 152, 284–291 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gan, W., Zhou, M., Hu, Y., Li, D. & Jia, R. Low-dose nonylphenol promotes the proliferation of DU-145 cells and expression of membrane estrogen receptor GPR30 in DU-145 cells. Nat. J. Androl. 20, 405–409 (2014).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Tomasetti, C. et al. Role of stem-cell divisions in cancer risk. Nature 548, E13–E14 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu, S., Zhu, W. & Hannun, Y. A. Wu et al. reply. Nature 548, E15–E15 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu, S., Powers, S., Zhu, W. & Hannun, Y. A. Substantial contribution of extrinsic risk factors to cancer development. Nature 529, 43–47 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Modica, R., Benevento, E. & Colao, A. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and cancer: new perspectives on an old relationship. J. Endocrinol. Invest. 46, 667–677 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pellerin, E., Caneparo, C., Chabaud, S., Bolduc, S. & Pelletier, M. Endocrine-disrupting effects of bisphenols on urological cancers. Environ. Res. 195, 110485 (2021).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lacouture, A., Lafront, C., Peillex, C., Pelletier, M. & Audet-Walsh, É. Impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on prostate function and cancer. Environ. Res. 204, 112085 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diamanti-Kandarakis, E. et al. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals: an Endocrine Society scientific statement. Endocr. Rev. 30, 293–342 (2009).