Abu-Zaid, M. H. et al. African guidelines for diagnosis and management of polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis: PAFLAR initiative. Pediatr. Rheumatol. 23, 27 (2025).

Article  Google Scholar 

Migowa, A. N. et al. Development of the paediatric society of the African league against rheumatism (PAFLAR) JIA registry and clinical profile of JIA in Africa from the PAFLAR JIA registry. Pediatr. Rheumatol. 22, 67 (2024).

Article  Google Scholar 

Albuquerque, C. P. et al. Do it fast! Early access to specialized care improved long-term outcomes in rheumatoid arthritis: data from the REAL multicentre observational study. Adv. Rheumatol. 63, 17 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galal, S. Population of Africa in 2021, by age group. https://go.nature.com/3GIxGjL (2024).

Vilaiyuk, S. et al. The inequity of global healthcare in pediatric rheumatology. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 38, 101983 (2024).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Naddei, R. et al. Clinical insights into heterogeneity of rheumatoid factor negative polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis across the world. Pediatr. Rheumatol. 23, 30 (2025).

Article  Google Scholar 

Chatterjee, R. et al. Serious infections and tuberculosis adversely impact outcomes of juvenile onset systemic lupus erythematosus in India. Lupus 34, 193–203 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Silverman, E. et al. Long-term open-label preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of leflunomide in patients with polyarticular-course juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 52, 554–562 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vermeer, E. et al. Oral Versus Subcutaneous Methotrexate in Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Disorders: an Update of the Current Literature. Curr Rheumatol. Rep. 25, 276–284 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abu-Zaid, M. H., Adebajo, A. & El Miedany, Y. Potential for biosimilars in rheumatology in Africa. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 82, 1508–1510 (2023).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar