Stanaway JD, Afshin A, Gakidou E, Lim SS, Abate D, Abate KH, Abbafati C, Abbasi N, Abbastabar H, Abd-Allah F, Abdela J. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923–94.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou B, Carrillo-Larco RM, Danaei G, Riley LM, Paciorek CJ, Stevens GA, Gregg EW, Bennett JE, Solomon B, Singleton RK, Sophiea MK. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398(10304):957–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

McEvoy JW, McCarthy CP, Bruno RM, Brouwers S, Canavan MD, Ceconi C, et al. 2024 ESC Guidelines for the management of elevated blood pressure and hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2024;45(38):3912–4018.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang BX. Diagnosis and management of hypertensive heart disease: incorporating 2023 European Society of Hypertension and 2024 European Society of Cardiology Guideline Updates. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2025;12(2):46.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oparil S, Acelajado MC, Bakris GL, Berlowitz DR, Cífková R, Dominiczak AF, et al. Hypertension. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2018;4:18014.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gao K, Wang PX, Mei X, Yang T, Yu K. Untapped potential of gut microbiome for hypertension management. Gut Microbes. 2024;16(1):2356278.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahase E. Hypertension: 76 million deaths could be averted by 2050 if treatment coverage improves, says WHO. BMJ. 2023;382:2154.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dominiczak AF, Meyer TJ. Hypertension: update 2021. Hypertension. 2021;77(1):4–5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mendizábal Y, Llorens S, Nava E. Hypertension in metabolic syndrome: vascular pathophysiology. Int J Hypertens. 2013;2013:230868.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benjamin EJ, Muntner P, Alonso A, Bittencourt MS, Callaway CW, Carson AP, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2019 update: A report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019;139(10):e56–528.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang BY, Qian Z, Howard SW, Vaughn MG, Fan SJ, Liu KK, Dong GH. Global association between ambient air pollution and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2018;235:576–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Park S, Kario K, Chia YC, Turana Y, Chen CH, Buranakitjaroen P, et al. The influence of the ambient temperature on blood pressure and how it will affect the epidemiology of hypertension in Asia. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2020;22(3):438–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension: The Task Force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36(10):1953–2041.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahgoup EM, Khaleel SA, El-Mahdy MA, Abd-Allah AR, Zweier JL. Role of cytoglobin in cigarette smoke constituent-induced loss of nitric oxide bioavailability in vascular smooth muscle cells. Nitric Oxide. 2022;119:9–18.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahgoup EM, Khaleel SA, El-Mahdy MA, Zweier JL. Electronic cigarette vape decreases nitric oxide bioavailability in vascular smooth muscle cells via increased cytoglobin-mediated metabolism. Free Radic Biol Med. 2025;228:339–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Afzaal M, Saeed F, Shah YA, Hussain M, Rabail R, Socol CT, et al. Human gut microbiota in health and disease: Unveiling the relationship. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:999001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou K, Wu ZX, Chen XY, Wang JQ, Zhang D, Xiao C, et al. Microbiota in health and diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2022;7(1):135.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gill SR, Pop M, Deboy RT, Eckburg PB, Turnbaugh PJ, Samuel BS, et al. Metagenomic analysis of the human distal gut microbiome. Science. 2006;312(5778):1355–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gomaa EZ. Human gut microbiota/microbiome in health and diseases: a review. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 2020;113(12):2019–40.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spiljar M, Merkler D, Trajkovski M. The immune system bridges the gut microbiota with systemic energy homeostasis: focus on TLRs, mucosal barrier, and SCFAs. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1353.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gasaly N, de Vos P, Hermoso MA. Impact of bacterial metabolites on gut barrier function and host immunity: a focus on bacterial metabolism and its relevance for intestinal inflammation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:658354.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gasmi Benahmed A, Gasmi A, Doşa A, Chirumbolo S, Mujawdiya PK, Aaseth J, et al. Association between the gut and oral microbiome with obesity. Anaerobe. 2021;70:102248.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Louis-Jean S, Martirosyan D. Nutritionally attenuating the human gut microbiome to prevent and manage metabolic syndrome. J Agric Food Chem. 2019;67(46):12675–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goel A, Gupta M, Aggarwal R. Gut microbiota and liver disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;29(6):1139–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nicholson JK, Holmes E, Kinross J, Burcelin R, Gibson G, Jia W, Pettersson S. Host-gut microbiota metabolic interactions. Science. 2012;336(6086):1262–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Björkstén B, Sepp E, Julge K, Voor T, Mikelsaar M. Allergy development and the intestinal microflora during the first year of life. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(4):516–20.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Zhao F, Wang Y, Chen J, Tao J, Tian G, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. Microbiome. 2017;5(1):14.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan Q, Gu Y, Li X, Yang W, Jia L, Chen C, et al. Alterations of the Gut Microbiome in Hypertension. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2017;7:381.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mariat D, Firmesse O, Levenez F, Guimarăes V, Sokol H, Doré J, et al. The Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio of the human microbiota changes with age. BMC Microbiol. 2009;9:123.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yang T, Santisteban MM, Rodriguez V, Li E, Ahmari N, Carvajal JM, et al. Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension. Hypertension. 2015;65(6):1331–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pevsner-Fischer M, Blacher E, Tatirovsky E, Ben-Dov IZ, Elinav E. The gut microbiome and hypertension. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2017;26(1):1–8.