Song P, Zhang Y, Yu J, Zha M, Zhu Y, Rahimi K, et al. Global Prevalence of Hypertension in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. 2019;173(12):1154–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Flynn J. The changing face of pediatric hypertension in the era of the childhood obesity epidemic. Pediatr Nephrol. 2013;28(7):1059–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flynn J, Zhang Y, Solar-Yohay S, Shi V. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics of Children With Hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;60(4):1047–54.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nugent JT, Young C, Funaro MC, Jiang K, Saran I, Ghazi L, et al. Prevalence of Secondary Hypertension in Otherwise Healthy Youths with a New Diagnosis of Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis. J Pediatr. 2022;244:30-37.e10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ding FL, Elias I, Wright R, De Mello A, Cojocaru D, Dionne J. Yield of diagnostic testing in evaluating etiology and end organ effects of pediatric hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2024;39(2):513–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline for Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2017 Sep 1 [cited 2021 Aug 29];140(3). Available from: https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/140/3/e20171904

Seeman T, Palyzová D, Dušek J, Janda J. Reduced Nocturnal Blood Pressure dip and Sustained Nighttime Hypertension are Specific Markers of Secondary Hypertension. J Pediatr. 2005;147(3):366–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baracco R, Kapur G, Mattoo T, Jain A, Valentini R, Ahmed M, et al. Prediction of Primary vs Secondary Hypertension in Children. The Journal of Clinical Hypertension. 2012;14(5):316–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rasała J, Marschollek P, Marschollek K, Ciszewska A, Zwolińska D, Musiał K. New methods of differentiation between primary and secondary hypertension in a pediatric population: A single-center experience. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2020;29(11):1299–304.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gupta-Malhotra M, Banker A, Shete S, Hashmi SS, Tyson JE, Barratt MS, et al. Essential Hypertension vs. Secondary Hypertension Among Children. Ame J Hyperten. 2015;28(1):73–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Nugent JT, Jiang K, Funaro MC, Saran I, Young C, Ghazi L, et al. Does This Child With High Blood Pressure Have Secondary Hypertension?: The Rational Clinical Examination Systematic Review. JAMA. 2023;329(12):1012–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Langhoff AF, Børresen ML, Wason MP, Jeppesen DL, Neland M, Cortes D. Characteristics of Danish children registered with and pharmacologically treated for hypertension. Dan Med J. 2021;68(4):A08200609.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uysal B, Donmez O, Uysal F. Hypertension in Children: A Single Center Experience. J Hyperten Manag. 2017;31:3.

Google Scholar 

Robinson RF, Batisky DL, Hayes JR, Nahata MC, Mahan JD. Body mass index in primary and secondary pediatric hypertension. Pediatr Nephrol. 2004;19(12):1379–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Flynn JT. Differentiation Between Primary and Secondary Hypertension in Children Using Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. Pediatrics. 2002;110(1):89–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feig DI, Johnson RJ. Hyperuricemia in Childhood Primary Hypertension. Hypertension. 2003;42(3):247–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rames LK, Clarke WR, Connor WE, Reiter MA, Lauer RM. Normal blood pressure and the evaluation of sustained blood pressure elevation in childhood: the Muscatine study. Pediatrics. 1978;61(2):245–51.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kapur G, Ahmed M, Pan C, Mitsnefes M, Chiang M, Mattoo TK. Secondary Hypertension in Overweight and Stage 1 Hypertensive Children: A Midwest Pediatric Nephrology Consortium Report. J Clin Hyperten. 2010;12(1):34–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gomes RS, Quirino IG, Pereira RM, Vitor BM, Leite AF, Oliveira EA, et al. Primary versus secondary hypertension in children followed up at an outpatient tertiary unit. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26(3):441–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Çakıcı EK, Yazılıtaş F, Kurt-Sukur ED, Güngör T, Çelikkaya E, Karakaya D, et al. Clinical assessment of primary and secondary hypertension in children and adolescents. Arch Pediatr. 2020;27(6):286–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leisman D, Meyers M, Schnall J, Chorny N, Frank R, Infante L, et al. Blood Pressure Variability in Children With Primary vs Secondary Hypertension. J Clin Hyperten. 2014;16(6):437–41.

Article  Google Scholar 

Flynn JT, Urbina EM, Brady TM, Baker-Smith C, Daniels SR, Hayman LL, et al. Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring in Children and Adolescents: 2022 Update: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2022;79(7):e114–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stabouli S, Chrysaidou K, Kotsis V, Chainoglou N, Chatzipapa N, Gidaris D, et al. Central SBP and executive function in children and adolescents with primary and secondary hypertension. J Hypertens. 2020;38(11):2176–84.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Valent-Morić B, Zigman T, Zaja-Franulović O, Malenica M, Cuk M. The importance of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents. Acta Clin Croat. 2012;51(1):59–64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao D, Chen Y, Gao X, Zhu Y, Wu D, Liu G. Hypertension in 172 Chinese Children: An 8-Year Retrospective Study. J Nippon Med Sch. 2021;88(3):178–88.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Keijzer-Veen MG, Dülger A, Dekker FW, Nauta J, van der Heijden BJ. Very preterm birth is a risk factor for increased systolic blood pressure at a young adult age. Pediatr Nephrol. 2010;25(3):509–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crump C, Sundquist J, Sundquist K. Risk of hypertension into adulthood in persons born prematurely: a national cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(16):1542–50.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vohr BR, Allan W, Katz KH, Schneider KC, Ment LR. Early predictors of hypertension in prematurely born adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(12):1812–8.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tzvi-Behr S, Greenstein LB, Ben-Shalom E, Frishberg Y, Cohen SO. Associations Between Prematurity, Birthweight, and Adolescence Blood Pressure in a Nationwide Cohort. Kidney Int Rep. 2024;9(5):1228–35.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

South AM, Nixon PA, Chappell MC, Diz DI, Russell GB, Jensen ET, et al. Renal function and blood pressure are altered in adolescents born preterm. Pediatr Nephrol. 2019;34(1):137–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Jong F, Monuteaux MC, van Elburg RM, Gillman MW, Belfort MB. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Preterm Birth and Later Systolic Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):226–34.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez J, Adams-Chapman I, Affuso O, Azuero A, Downs CA, Turner-Henson A, et al. Weight Gain and Blood Pressure in Toddlers Born Very Preterm. Nurs Res. 2020;69(3):238.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hingorani S, Schmicker R, Ahmad KA, Frantz ID, Mayock DE, La Gamma EF, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Kidney Disease and Elevated BP in 2-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Premature. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2022;17(8):1129.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bonamy AKE, Källén K, Norman M. High Blood Pressure in 2.5-Year-Old Children Born Extremely Preterm. Pediatrics. 2012;129(5):e1199-204.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shah AB, Hashmi SS, Sahulee R, Pannu H, Gupta-Malhotra M. Characteristics of Systemic Hypertension in Preterm Children. J Clin Hyperten. 2015;17(5):364–70.

Article  Google Scholar 

Poplawska K, Dudek K, Koziarz M, Cieniawski D, Drożdż T, Śmiałek S, et al. Prematurity-Related Hypertension in Children and Adolescents. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:537936.