Abou Seif HS (2016) Physiological changes due to hepatotoxicity and the protective role of some medicinal plants. Beni-Suef Univ J Basic Appl Sci 5:134–146

Google Scholar 

Alasmari AF, Ali N, Alharbi M, Alqahtani F, Alasmari F, Almoqbel D, Alswayyed M, Alshammari A, Alanazi MM, Alhoshani A, Al-Harbi NO (2022) Geraniol ameliorates doxorubicin-mediated kidney injury through alteration of antioxidant status, inflammation, and apoptosis: potential roles of NF-κB and Nrf2/Ho-1. Nutrients 14:1–18

Article  Google Scholar 

Alkhamaiseh SI, Aljofan M (2020) Prevalence of use and reported side effects of herbal medicine among adults in Saudi Arabia. Complement Ther Med 48:102255

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Almdal TP, Jensen T, Vilstrup H (1990) Increased hepatic efficacy of urea synthesis from alanine in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest 20:29–34

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Atef MM, Emam MN, Abo El Gheit RE, Elbeltagi EM, Alshenawy HA, Radwan DA, Younis RL, Abd-Ellatif RN (2022) Mechanistic insights into ameliorating effect of geraniol on d-galactose induced memory impairment in rats. Neurochem Res 47:1664–1678

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Banu F, Dawood N, Lakshmi YS, Gopalakrishnan S, Brinda V (2014) Antioxidant activity of geraniol on hepatocarcinogenesis in Wistar albino rats. Ind J Oncol Radiat Biol 2:4–9

Google Scholar 

Ben Ammar R (2023) Potential effects of geraniol on cancer and inflammation-related diseases: a review of the recent research findings. Molecules 28:3669

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ben Ammar R, Mohamed ME, Alfwuaires M, Alamer SA, Bani Ismail M, Veeraraghavan VP, Sekar AK, Ksouri R, Rajendran P (2024) Correction: Ben Ammar et al. Anti-inflammatory activity of geraniol isolated from lemon grass on Ox-LDL-stimulated endothelial cells by upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via PI3K/Akt and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Nutrients 14, 4817. Nutrients 16(5):596

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhardwaj S, Gupta D (2012) Study of acute, sub acute and chronic toxicity test. Medicine 2:103–129

Google Scholar 

Bhide Kshirsagar S, Jain V, Kshirsagar SB (2021) Bioassays of lipids: a review. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 10:1523–1536

Google Scholar 

Cebi N (2021) Quantification of the geranium essential oil, palmarosa essential oil and phenylethyl alcohol in rosa damascena essential oil using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. Foods 10(8):1848

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cederbaum AI (2010) Role of CYP2E1 in ethanol-induced oxidant stress, fatty liver and hepatotoxicity. Dig Dis 28:802–811

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Viljoen AM (2010) Geraniol—a review of a commercially important fragrance material. South Afr J Bot 76:643–651

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cho M, So I, Chun JN, Jeon JH (2016) The antitumor effects of geraniol: modulation of cancer hallmark pathways (Review). Int J Oncol 48:1772–1782

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chowdhury NR, Li Y, Chowdhury JR (2020) Disorders of bilirubin metabolism. In: Arias IM, Harvey J, Alter JL, Boyer DE, Cohen DA, Shafritz SS, Thorgeirsson AW, Wolkoff (eds) The liver: biology and pathobiology. Wiley Blackwell, Hoboken

Google Scholar 

Crespo R, Wei K, Rodenak-Kladniew B, Mercola M, Ruiz-Lozano P, Hurtado C (2017) Effect of geraniol on rat cardiomyocytes and its potential use as a cardioprotective natural compound. Life Sci 172:8–12

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dani KGS, Fineschi S, Michelozzi M, Trivellini A, Pollastri S, Loreto F (2021) Diversification of petal monoterpene profiles during floral development and senescence in wild roses: relationships among geraniol content, petal colour, and floral lifespan. Oecologia 197:957–969

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Denny KH (2024) Acute, subacute, subchronic, and chronic general toxicity testing for preclinical drug development. In: A comprehensive guide to toxicology in nonclinical drug development. Elsevier. 149–171

Dey A, Kumar SM (2011) Cytochrome P450 2E1 and hyperglycemia-induced liver injury. Cell Biol Toxicol 27:285–310

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ding WX, Yang L (2019) Alcohol and drug-induced liver injury: metabolism, mechanisms, pathogenesis and potential therapies. Liver Res 3:129–131

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elshafie HS, Camele I, Mohamed AA (2023) A comprehensive review on the biological, agricultural and pharmaceutical properties of secondary metabolites based-plant origin. Int J Mol Sci 4:3266

Article  Google Scholar 

Eriksen PL, Vilstrup H, Rigbolt K, Suppli MP, Sørensen M, Heebøll S, Veidal SS, Knop FK, Thomsen KL (2019) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease alters expression of genes governing hepatic nitrogen conversion. Liver Int 39:2094–2101

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ferguson MA, Waikar SS (2012) Established and emerging markers of kidney function. Clin Chem 58:680–689

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Filippova AA, Szhenova TM, Golovina NV, Garnova NY, Bokov DO (2020) Standardization of geranium essential oil. Moscow Univ Chem Bull 75:200–206

Article  Google Scholar 

Fischer AH, Jacobson KA, Rose J, Zeller R (2008) Hematoxylin and eosin staining of tissue and cell sections. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2008:149–171

Article  Google Scholar 

Ginès P, Schrier RW (2009) Renal failure in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 361:1279–1290

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gounden V, Bhatt H, Jialal I (2024) Renal function tests. Stat Pearls Publishing, Treasure Island

Google Scholar 

Green RM, Flamm S (2002) AGA technical review on the evaluation of liver chemistry tests. Gastroenterology 123:1367–1384

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greisen J, Grøfte T, Hansen PO, Jensen TS, Vilstrup H (1999) Acute non-traumatic pain increases the hepatic amino- to urea-N conversion in normal man. J Hepatol 31(4):647–655

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guengerich FP (2020) Cytochrome P450 2E1 and its roles in disease. Chem Biol Interact 322:109056

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hagvall L, Baron JM, Börje A, Weidolf L, Merk H, Karlberg AT (2008) Cytochrome P450-mediated activation of the fragrance compound geraniol forms potent contact allergens. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 233:308–313

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han Z-Z, Xu H-D, Kwang-Ho K, Ahn T-H, Bae J-S, Ji-Young L, Gil K-H, Joo-Young L, Woo S-J, Yoo H-J, Lee H-K, Kap-Ho K, Park C-K, Zhang H-S, Song S-W (2010) Reference data of the main physiological parameters in control Sprague-Dawley rats from pre-clinical toxicity studies. Lab Anim Res 26:153–164

Article  Google Scholar 

Harjumäki R, Pridgeon CS, Ingelman-Sundberg M (2021) Cyp2e1 in alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver injury. roles of ros, reactive intermediates and lipid overload. Int J Mol Sci 22:1–20

Article  Google Scholar 

Heindorff H, Vilstrup H, Bucher D, Billesbølle P, Thygesen V (1988) Increased hepatic amino nitrogen conversion after elective cholecystectomy in man. Clin Sci 74:539–545

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hodge HC, Sterner JH (1949) Tabulation of toxicity classes. Am Ind Hyg Assoc Q 10:93–96

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jäger T, Bäcker S, Brodbeck T, Leibold E, Bader M (2020) Quantitative determination of urinary metabolites of geraniol by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Anal Methods 12:5718–5728

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jenner PM, Hagan EC, Taylor JM, Cook EL, Fitzhugh OG (1964) Food flavourings and compounds of related structure I. Acute oral toxicity. Food Cosmet Toxicol 2:327–343

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kalita S, Shaik S, Dubey KD (2021) MD simulations and QM/MM calculations reveal the key mechanistic elements which are responsible for the efficient C-H amination reaction performed by a bioengineered P450 enzyme. Chem Sci 12:14507–14518

Article  CAS  PubMed