WHO histological classification. Of tumours of the thymus. In: Travis WB, Brambilla A, Burke AP, Marx A, Nicholson A, editors. World health organization classification of tumours of the lung, pleura, Thymus and heart. Lyon: IARC; 2020.

Google Scholar 

Thymic tumors. In: Brierley JD, Gosporadowicz MK, Wittekind C. TNM Classification of Malignant Tumours, 8th Edition. Oxford: Wiley et Sons; 2017.

Girard N, Ruffini E, Marx A, Faivre-Finn C, Peters S, ESMO Guidelines Committee. Thymic epithelial tumours: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2015;26(Suppl 5):v40–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Girard M, Lal R, Wakelee H, et al. Chemotherapy definitions and policies for thymic malignancies. J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6:S1749–1755.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vandaele T, Van Slambrouck J, Proesmans V, et al. Hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC) for pleural disseminated thymoma: A systematic literature review. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30:543–60.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merveilleux du Vignaux C, Dansin E, Mhanna L, et al. Systemic therapy in advanced thymic epithelial tumors: insights from the RYTHMIC prospective cohort. J Thorac Oncol. 2018;13:1762–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alkaaki A, Abo Al-Saud A, Di Lena, et al. Factors predicting recurrence in thymic epithelial neoplasms. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejcts/ezac274.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Filosso PL, Venuta F, Oliaro A, et al. Thymoma and inter-relationships between clinical variables: a multicentre study in 537 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;45:1020–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meurgey A, Girard N, du Merveilleux C, et al. Assessment of the ITMIG statement on the WHO histological classification and of the eighth TNM staging of thymic epithelial tumors of a series of 188 thymic epithelial tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12:1571–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fang W, Girard N, Cilento V, et al. The IASLC thymic epithelial tumors staging project: proposals for the N and the M components for the forthcoming (9th) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtho.2023.09.1447.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roden AC, Eunhee SY, Jenkins SM, et al. Modified Masaoka stage and size are independent prognostic predictors in thymoma and modified Masaoka stage is superior to histopathologic classifications. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10:691–700.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruffini E, Huang J, Cilento V, et al. The international association for the study of lung Cancer thymic epithelial tumors staging project: proposal for a stage classification for the forthcoming (Ninth) edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors. J Thorac Oncol. 2023;18:1655–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimner A, Gomez DR, Wu AJ, et al. Failure patterns relative to radiation treatment fields for stage II-IV thymoma. J Thorac Oncol. 2014;9:403–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chun SG, Rimner A, Amini A, et al. American radium society appropriate use criteria for radiation therapy in the multidisciplinary management of thymic carcinoma. JAMA Oncol. 2023;9:971–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ackman JB, Chung JH, Walker CM et al. ACR appropriateness criteria imaging of mediastinal masses. Expert panel on thoracic imaging. J Am Coll Radiol 2021; 18(5S).

Tomiyama N, Honda O, Tsubamoto M, et al. Anterior mediastinal tumors: diagnostic accuracy of CT and MRI. Eur J Radiol. 2009;69:280–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Proli C, De Sousa P, Jordan S et al. A diagnostic cohort study on the accuracy of 18-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)- CT for evaluation of malignancy in anterior mediastinal lesions: the decimal study. BMJ Open 2018; 8.

Zhao J, Bhatnagar V, Ding L, Atay SM, David EA, McFadden PM, Stamnes S, Lechtholz-Zey E, Wightman SC, Detterbeck FC, Kim AW. A systematic review of paraneoplastic syndromes associated with thymoma: treatment modalities, recurrence, and outcomes in resected cases. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;160:306–e31414.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marx A, Hohenberger P, Hoffmann H, et al. The autoimmune regulator AIRE in thymoma biology: autoimmunity and beyond. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(10 Suppl 4):S266–272.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Choe G, Ghanie A, Riely G, et al. Long-term, disease-specific outcomes of thymic malignancies presenting with de Novo pleural metastasis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2020;159(2):705–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaba E, Ozkan B, Erus S, Duman S, Cimenoglu B, Toker A. Role of surgery in the treatment of Masaoka stage IVa thymoma. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018;24:6–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bae MK, Lee SK, Kim HY, Park SY, Park IK, Kim DJ, Chung KY. Recurrence after thymoma resection according to the extent of the resection. J Cardiothorac Surg. 2014;9:51.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lucchi M, Mussi A. Surgical treatment of recurrent thymomas. J Thorac Oncol. 2010;5(10 Suppl 4):S348–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chappuy B, Drevet G, Clermidy H, et al. Subtotal pleurectomy with intrathoracic chemo hyperthermia (HITHOC) for IVa thymomas: de Novo versus recurrent pleural disease. Cancers. 2022;14:5035.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ried M, Hassan M, Passlick B, et al. Surgical cytoreduction and hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy for thymic tumors with pleural spread is effective on survival: results from the multicentre German hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy study. Interdiscip Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2023;36:ivad032.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hao XJ, Peng B, Zhou Z, Yang XQ. Prospective study of stereotactic body radiation therapy for thymoma and thymic carcinoma: therapeutic effect and toxicity assessment. Sci Rep. 2017;7:13549.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pasquini G, Menichelli C, Pastore G, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for the treatment of pleural metastases in patients with thymoma: a retrospective review of 22 patients. J Thorac Dis. 2021;13:6373–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dong J, Yuan S, Chang B, Huang J, Geng X, Cai X, Hu P, Zhang B, Xia L, Wu P. An exploratory study of CT-guided percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for stage I thymoma. Cancer Imaging. 2019;19:80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loehrer PS, Kim K, Aisner S, Livingston R, Einhorn L, Johnson D, et al. Cisplatin plus doxorubicin plus cyclophosphamide in metastatic or recurrent thymoma: final results of an intergroup trial. The Eastern cooperative oncology group, Southwest oncology group, and southeastern Cancer study group. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12:1164–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Petat A, Dansin E, Calcagno F, et al. Treatment strategies for thymic carcinoma in a real-life setting. Insights from the RYTHMIC network. Eur J Cancer. 2022;162:118–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirai F, Toyozawa R, Nosaki K, Seto T. Are Anthracycline-Based regimens truly indicated to be the standard chemotherapy regimen for thymic carcinoma?? J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11:115–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hirai F, Yamanaka T, Taguchi K, Daga H, Ono A, Tanaka K, et al. A multicenter phase II study of carboplatin and Paclitaxel for advanced thymic carcinoma: WJOG4207L. Ann Oncol. 2015;26:363–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giaccone G, Ardizzoni A, Kirkpatrick A, Clerico M, Sahmoud T, van Zandwijk N. Cisplatin and Etoposide combination chemotherapy for locally advanced or metastatic thymoma. A phase II study of the European organization for research and treatment of Cancer lung Cancer cooperative group. J Clin Oncol. 1995;14:814–20.

Article  Google Scholar 

Proto C, Ganzinelli M, Manglaviti S, et al. Efficacy and safety of ramucirumab plus carboplatin and Paclitaxel in untreated metastatic thymic carcinoma: RELEVENT phase II trial (NCT03921671). Ann Oncol. 2024;35:817–26.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mimori T, Shukuya T, Goto V, et al. Efficacy and safety of Atezolizumab plus carboplatin and Paclitaxel in patients with advanced or recurrent thymic carcinoma: MARBLE phase II study (JTD2101). ESMO Asia; 2024.

Tsao AS, Hsieh MH, Koczywas M, et al. S1701, A randomized phase 2 trial of Carboplatin-Paclitaxel with and without ramucirumab in patients with locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic thymic carcinoma. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2024;5:100738.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Okuma Y, Nomura S, Sakakibara-Konishi J, et al. Artemis: A multicenter, Open-Label, Single-Arm, phase II study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of First-Line Carboplatin/Paclitaxel/Lenvatinib/Pembrolizumab combination for previously untreated advanced or recurrent thymic carcinomas. Clin Lung Cancer. 2024;25:389–94.

Article  CAS