Patel H, Aggarwal NT, Rao A, Bryant E, Sanghani RM, Byrnes M, et al. Microvascular disease and Small-Vessel disease: the nexus of multiple diseases of women. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2020;29(6):770–9. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2019.7826.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Berry C, Sidik N, Pereira AC, Ford TJ, Touyz RM, Kaski JC, et al. Small-Vessel disease in the heart and brain: current knowledge, unmet therapeutic need, and future directions. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8(3):e011104. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.118.011104.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mauricio D, Gratacos M, Franch-Nadal J. Diabetic microvascular disease in non-classical beds: the hidden impact beyond the retina, the kidney, and the peripheral nerves. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):314. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-023-02056-3.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Diabetes C, Complications Trial Research G, Nathan DM, Genuth S, Lachin J, Cleary P, et al. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(14):977–86. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309303291401.

Article  Google Scholar 

Orchard TJ, Dorman JS, Maser RE, Becker DJ, Drash AL, Ellis D, et al. Prevalence of complications in IDDM by sex and duration. Pittsburgh epidemiology of diabetes complications study II. Diabetes. 1990;39(9):1116–24. https://doi.org/10.2337/diab.39.9.1116.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lorenzi M. The polyol pathway as a mechanism for diabetic retinopathy: attractive, elusive, and resilient. Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:61038. https://doi.org/10.1155/2007/61038.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Giacco F, Brownlee M. Oxidative stress and diabetic complications. Circ Res. 2010;107(9):1058–70. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223545.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tarr JM, Kaul K, Chopra M, Kohner EM, Chibber R. Pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy. ISRN Ophthalmol. 2013;2013:343560. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/343560.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Feldman EL. Oxidative stress and diabetic neuropathy: a new Understanding of an old problem. J Clin Invest. 2003;111(4):431–3. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI17862.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sheetz MJ, King GL. Molecular Understanding of hyperglycemia’s adverse effects for diabetic complications. JAMA. 2002;288(20):2579–88. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.288.20.2579.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumagai AK, Glasgow BJ, Pardridge WM. GLUT1 glucose transporter expression in the diabetic and nondiabetic human eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1994;35(6):2887–94.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Harik SI, Kalaria RN, Andersson L, Lundahl P, Perry G. Immunocytochemical localization of the erythroid glucose transporter: abundance in tissues with barrier functions. J Neurosci. 1990;10(12):3862–72. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.10-12-03862.1990.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tserentsoodol N, Shin BC, Koyama H, Suzuki T, Takata K. Immunolocalization of tight junction proteins, occludin and ZO-1, and glucose transporter GLUT1 in the cells of the blood-nerve barrier. Arch Histol Cytol. 1999;62(5):459–69. https://doi.org/10.1679/aohc.62.459.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heilig CW, Brosius FC 3rd, Cunningham C. Role for GLUT1 in diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2006;8(4):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1462399406010490.

International Diabetes Federation. IDF: Diabetes Atlas, 10th edn. Brussels, Belgium. 2021. https://www.diabetesatlas.org Accessed 1st October 2024.

Yau JW, Rogers SL, Kawasaki R, Lamoureux EL, Kowalski JW, Bek T, et al. Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2012;35(3):556–64. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1909.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teo ZL, Tham YC, Yu M, Chee ML, Rim TH, Cheung N, et al. Global prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and projection of burden through 2045: systematic review and Meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2021;128(11):1580–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2021.04.027.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States. 2023. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2023.

Cheng HT, Xu X, Lim PS, Hung KY. Worldwide epidemiology of Diabetes-Related End-Stage renal disease, 2000–2015. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(1):89–97. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc20-1913.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hicks CW, Selvin E. Epidemiology of peripheral neuropathy and lower extremity disease in diabetes. Curr Diab Rep. 2019;19(10):86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11892-019-1212-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

de Ritter R, Sep SJS, van der Kallen CJH, van Greevenbroek MMJ, de Jong M, Vos RC, et al. Sex differences in the association of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes with microvascular complications and function: the Maastricht study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01290-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arnold SV, Khunti K, Tang F, Chen H, Cid-Ruzafa J, Cooper A, et al. Incidence rates and predictors of microvascular and macrovascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: results from the longitudinal global discover study. Am Heart J. 2022;243:232–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2021.10.181.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aikaeli F, Njim T, Gissing S, Moyo F, Alam U, Mfinanga SG, et al. Prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications of diabetes in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in low-and-middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2022;2(6):e0000599. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0000599.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lanting LC, Joung IM, Mackenbach JP, Lamberts SW, Bootsma AH. Ethnic differences in mortality, end-stage complications, and quality of care among diabetic patients: a review. Diabetes Care. 2005;28(9):2280–8. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.28.9.2280.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karter AJ, Ferrara A, Liu JY, Moffet HH, Ackerson LM, Selby JV. Ethnic disparities in diabetic complications in an insured population. JAMA. 2002;287(19):2519–27. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.287.19.2519.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Intensive blood-glucose. Control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK prospective diabetes study (UKPDS) group. Lancet. 1998;352(9131):837–53.

Google Scholar 

An J, Nichols GA, Qian L, Munis MA, Harrison TN, Li Z, et al. Prevalence and incidence of microvascular and macrovascular complications over 15 years among patients with incident type 2 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2021;9(1). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001847.

Kosiborod M, Gomes MB, Nicolucci A, Pocock S, Rathmann W, Shestakova MV, et al. Vascular complications in patients with type 2 diabetes: prevalence and associated factors in 38 countries (the DISCOVER study program). Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0787-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Epstein M, Sowers JR. Diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Hypertension. 1992;19(5):403–18. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.hyp.19.5.403.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Muhlhauser I, Bender R, Bott U, Jorgens V, Grusser M, Wagener W, et al. Cigarette smoking and progression of retinopathy and nephropathy in type 1 diabetes. Diabet Med. 1996;13(6):536–43. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9136(199606)13:6%3C536::AID-DIA110%3E3.0.CO;2-J.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Biesenbach G, Grafinger P, Janko O, Zazgornik J. Influence of cigarette-smoking on the progression of clinical diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Nephrol. 1997;48(3):146–50.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gedebjerg A, Almdal TP, Berencsi K, Rungby J, Nielsen JS, Witte DR, et al. Prevalence of micro- and macrovascular diabetes complications at time of type 2 diabetes diagnosis and associated clinical characteristics: A cross-sectional baseline study of 6958 patie