Hosseini F, Mullins S, Gibson W, Thake M. Acute pain management for older adults. Clin Med (Lond). 2022;22:302–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Wang Z, Chen Y, Xu D, Zhang P, Wang X. Newly discovered action of HpTx3 from venom of heteropoda venatoria on Na(v)17 and Its pharmacological implications in analgesia. Toxins. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins11120680.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou F, Metzner K, Engel P, Balzulat A, Sisignano M, Ruth P, et al. Slack potassium channels modulate TRPA1-mediated nociception in sensory neurons. Cells. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells11101693.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xie Z, Feng J, Cai T, McCarthy R, Eschbach MD 2nd, Wang Y, et al. Estrogen metabolites increase nociceptor hyperactivity in a mouse model of uterine pain. JCI Insight. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.149107.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dindo L, Zimmerman MB, Hadlandsmyth K, StMarie B, Embree J, Marchman J, et al. Acceptance and commitment therapy for prevention of chronic postsurgical pain and opioid use in at-risk veterans: a pilot randomized controlled study. J Pain. 2018;19:1211–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet 2018. 392: 1789–858.

Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020. 396: 1204–22.

Cohen SP, Vase L, Hooten WM. Chronic pain: an update on burden, best practices, and new advances. Lancet (London, England). 2021;397:2082–97.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Worley MJ, Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S, Ling W. Pain volatility and prescription opioid addiction treatment outcomes in patients with chronic pain. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;23:428–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Worley MJ, Heinzerling KG, Shoptaw S, Ling W. Volatility and change in chronic pain severity predict outcomes of treatment for prescription opioid addiction. Addiction. 2017;112:1202–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization. Acupuncture: review and analysis of reports on controlled clinical trials. Parkinsonism Rel Dis. 2003. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13782.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ma Y, Dong M, Zhou K, Mita C, Liu J, Wayne PM. Publication trends in acupuncture research: a 20-year bibliometric analysis based on pubmed. PLoS ONE. 2016;11: e0168123.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

He XF, Wei JJ, Shou SY, Fang JQ, Jiang YL. Effects of electroacupuncture at 2 and 100 Hz on rat type 2 diabetic neuropathic pain and hyperalgesia-related protein expression in the dorsal root ganglion. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B. 2017;18:239–48.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ren J, Li N, Xi D, Wei N, Shao X, Liu B, et al. Role of mast cell in hyperalgesic priming and the preventive effect of electroacupuncture on the transition from acute to chronic pain. Acupunct Herbal Med. 2024;4:525–37.

Google Scholar 

Cui L, Ding Y, Zeng J, Feng Y, Li M, Ding M. Spinal glutamate transporters are involved in the development of electroacupuncture tolerance. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17:357.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuner R, Kuner T. Cellular circuits in the brain and their modulation in acute and chronic pain. Physiol Rev. 2021;101:213–58.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pagliusi M Jr, Gomes FV. The role of the rostral ventromedial medulla in stress responses. Brain Sci. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13050776.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pang L, Chen X, Lan Y, Huang Q, Yu X, Qi L, et al. Research progress of acupuncture analgesia based on autonomic nerve regulation pathway. Acupuncture Herbal Med. 2023;3:285–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fatt MP, Zhang MD, Kupari J, Altınkök M, Yang Y, Hu Y, et al. Morphine-responsive neurons that regulate mechanical antinociception. Science. 2024;385:6593.

Article  Google Scholar 

Salas R, Ramirez K, Tortorici V, Vanegas H, Vazquez E. Functional relationship between brainstem putative pain-facilitating neurons and spinal nociceptfive neurons during development of inflammation in rats. Brain Res. 2018;1686:55–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heinricher MM, Ingram SL. The Brainstem and Nociceptive Modulation. The Senses: A Comprehensive Reference 2020.

Follansbee T, Le Chang H, Iodi Carstens M, Guan Y, Carstens E, Dong X. Optotagging and characterization of GABAergic rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM) neurons. Mol Pain. 2024;20:17448069241270296.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiao Y, Gao P, Dong L, Ding X, Meng Y, Qian J, et al. Molecular identification of bulbospinal ON neurons by GPER, which drives pain and morphine tolerance. J Clin Invest. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI154588.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

François A, Low SA, Sypek EI, Christensen AJ, Sotoudeh C, Beier KT, et al. A Brainstem-spinal cord inhibitory circuit for mechanical pain modulation by GABA and enkephalins. Neuron. 2017;93:822-39.e6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

De Preter CC, Heinricher MM. Direct and indirect nociceptive input from the trigeminal dorsal horn to pain-modulating neurons in the rostral ventromedial medulla. J Neurosci. 2023;43:5779–91.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pinto M, Sousa M, Lima D, Tavares I. Participation of mu-opioid, GABA(B), and NK1 receptors of major pain control medullary areas in pathways targeting the rat spinal cord: implications for descending modulation of nociceptive transmission. J Comp Neurol. 2008;510:175–87.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fauzan M, Oubraim S, Yu M, Glaser ST, Kaczocha M, Haj-Dahmane S. Fatty acid-binding protein 5 modulates brain endocannabinoid tone and retrograde signaling in the striatum. Front Cell Neurosci. 2022;16: 936939.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zou S, Kumar U. Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: signaling and function in the central nervous system. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(3):833.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hu XF, Zhang H, Yu LL, Ge WQ, Zhan-Mu OY, Li YZ, et al. Electroacupuncture reduces anxiety associated with inflammatory bowel disease by acting on cannabinoid cb1 receptors in the ventral hippocampus in mice. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13: 919553.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Meng ID, Johansen JP. Antinociception and modulation of rostral ventromedial medulla neuronal activity by local microinfusion of a cannabinoid receptor agonist. Neuroscience. 2004;124:685–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vaughan CW, McGregor IS, Christie MJ. Cannabinoid receptor activation inhibits GABAergic neurotransmission in rostral ventromedial medulla neurons in vitro. Br J Pharmacol. 1999;127:935–40.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu J, Hua L, Liu W, Yang X, Tang X, Yuan S, et al. Electroacupuncture exerts analgesic effects by restoring hyperactivity via cannabinoid type 1 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex in chronic inflammatory pain. Mol Neurobiol. 2024;61:2949–63.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hu G, Zhou C, Wang J, Ma X, Ma H, Yu H, et al. Electroacupuncture treatment ameliorates depressive-like behavior and cognitive dysfunction via CB1R dependent mitochondria biogenesis after experimental global cerebral ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci. 2023;17:1135227.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central