Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74(1):12–49. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21820.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Deng B. Hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanism, targeted therapy, and biomarkers. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 2023;42(3):629–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10555-023-10084-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin Q, Chen X, Zheng S. The security rating on local ablation and interventional therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the comparison among multiple anesthesia methods. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst). 2019;2019:2965173. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2965173.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shin SW, Ahn KS, Kim SW, et al. Liver resection versus local ablation therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma within the milan criteria: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Surg. 2021;273(4):656–66. https://doi.org/10.1097/sla.0000000000004350.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yang C, Zhang H, Zhang L, et al. Evolving therapeutic landscape of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(4):203–22. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41575-022-00704-9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li Q, Chen K, Zhang T, et al. Understanding sorafenib-induced ferroptosis and resistance mechanisms: Implications for cancer therapy. Eur J Pharmacol. 2023;955: 175913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175913.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galle PR, Finn RS, Qin S, et al. Patient-reported outcomes with atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (IMbrave150): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(7):991–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00151-0.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kudo M, Finn RS, Galle PR, et al. IMbrave150: efficacy and safety of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab versus sorafenib in patients with barcelona clinic liver cancer stage b unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: an exploratory analysis of the phase iii study. Liver Cancer. 2023;12(3):238–50. https://doi.org/10.1159/000528272.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Riley RS, June CH, Langer R, Mitchell MJ. Delivery technologies for cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2019;18(3):175–96. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41573-018-0006-z.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang P, Wen F, Tuerhong N, Yang Y, Li Q. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy: focusing on alternative splicing. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1437774. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1437774.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen C, Wang Z, Ding Y, Qin Y. Tumor microenvironment-mediated immune evasion in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1133308. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1133308.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Gu Z, Fan Y, et al. Inhibition of the adenosinergic pathway: the indispensable part of oncological therapy in the future. Purinergic Signal. 2019;15(1):53–67. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11302-018-9641-4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kang Y, Li S. Nanomaterials: breaking through the bottleneck of tumor immunotherapy. Int J Biol Macromol. 2023;230: 123159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123159.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Shi Y, Wang Q, et al. Enzyme responsiveness enhances the specificity and effectiveness of nanoparticles for the treatment of B16F10 melanoma. J Control Release. 2019;316:208–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.10.052.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng L, Wang X, Gong F, Liu T, Liu Z. 2D Nanomaterials for cancer theranostic applications. Adv Mater. 2020;32(13): e1902333. https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201902333.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xing R, Liu G, Zhu J, Hou Y, Chen X. Functional magnetic nanoparticles for non-viral gene delivery and MR imaging. Pharm Res. 2014;31(6):1377–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11095-013-1205-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xin J, Deng C, Aras O, et al. Chemodynamic nanomaterials for cancer theranostics. J Nanobiotechnology. 2021;19(1):192. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12951-021-00936-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Saleem J, Wang L, Chen C. Carbon-based nanomaterials for cancer therapy via targeting tumor microenvironment. Adv Healthc Mater. 2018;7(20): e1800525. https://doi.org/10.1002/adhm.201800525.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen H, Yan S, Zhang L, et al. A Self-degrading and NIR-II emissive type I/II photosensitizer with synergistic photodynamic and photothermal properties for antibacterial and anticancer. Sens Actuators B Chem. 2024;405:135346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2024.135346.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Invernizzi P. Liver auto-immunology: the paradox of autoimmunity in a tolerogenic organ. J Autoimmun. 2013;46:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2013.08.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bogdanos DP, Gao B, Gershwin ME. Liver immunology. Compr Physiol. 2013;3(2):567–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c120011.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng ML, Nakib D, Perciani CT, MacParland SA. The immune niche of the liver. Clin Sci (Lond). 2021;135(20):2445–66. https://doi.org/10.1042/cs20190654.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruf B, Heinrich B, Greten TF. Immunobiology and immunotherapy of HCC: spotlight on innate and innate-like immune cells. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(1):112–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-00572-w.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li X, Ramadori P, Pfister D, et al. The immunological and metabolic landscape in primary and metastatic liver cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2021;21(9):541–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-021-00383-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Makarova-Rusher OV, Medina-Echeverz J, Duffy AG, Greten TF. The yin and yang of evasion and immune activation in HCC. J Hepatol. 2015;62(6):1420–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2015.02.038.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oura K, Morishita A, Tani J, Masaki T. Tumor immune microenvironment and immunosuppressive therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma: a review. Int J Mol Sci. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22115801.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li Z, Wu T, Zheng B, Chen L. Individualized precision treatment: targeting TAM in HCC. Cancer Lett. 2019;458:86–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2019.05.019.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheng K, Cai N, Zhu J, et al. Tumor-associated macrophages in liver cancer: from mechanisms to therapy. Cancer Commun (Lond). 2022;42(11):1112–40. https://doi.org/10.1002/cac2.12345.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tacke F. Targeting hepatic macrophages to treat liver diseases. J Hepatol. 2017;66(6):1300–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.02.026.