American Tinnitus Association (2023) Why are my ears ringing? https://www.ata.org/about-tinnitus/why-are-my-ears-ringing/. Accessed 18 Aug 2023

Theodoroff SM, Lewis MS, Folmer RL, Henry JA, Carlson KF (2015) Hearing impairment and tinnitus: prevalence, risk factors, and outcomes in US service members and veterans deployed to the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. Epidemiol Rev 37(1):71–85

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Masterson EA, Themann CL, Luckhaupt SE, Li J, Calvert GM (2016) Hearing difficulty and tinnitus among US workers and non-workers in 2007. Am J Ind Med 59(4):290–300

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Langguth B, Kreuzer PM, Kleinjung T, De Ridder D (2013) Tinnitus: causes and clinical management. The Lancet Neurology 12(9):920–930

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henry JA, Roberts LE, Caspary DM, Theodoroff SM, Salvi RJ (2014) Underlying mechanisms of tinnitus: review and clinical implications. J Am Acad Audiol 25(01):005–022

Article  Google Scholar 

Kostev K, Alymova S, Kössl M, Jacob L (2019) Risk factors for tinnitus in 37,692 patients followed in general practices in Germany. Otol Neurotol 40(4):436–440

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhatt JM, Lin HW, Bhattacharyya N (2016) Prevalence, severity, exposures, and treatment patterns of tinnitus in the United States. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 142(10):959–965

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahboubi H, Oliaei S, Kiumehr S, Dwabe S, Djalilian HR (2013) The prevalence and characteristics of tinnitus in the youth population of the United States. Laryngoscope 123(8):2001–2008

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Escamez JA, Amanat S (2020) Heritability and genetics contribution to tinnitus. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 53(4):501–513

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cederroth CR, PirouziFard M, Trpchevska N, Idrizbegovic E, Canlon B, Sundquist J, Sundquist K, Zöller B (2019) Association of genetic vs environmental factors in Swedish adoptees with clinically significant tinnitus. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 145(3):222–229

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bogo R, Farah A, Karlsson KK, Pedersen NL, Svartengren M, Skjönsberg Å (2017) Prevalence, incidence proportion, and heritability for tinnitus: a longitudinal twin study. Ear Hear 38(3):292–300

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maas IL, Brüggemann P, Requena T, Bulla J, Edvall NK, Hjelmborg JVB, Szczepek AJ et al (2017) Genetic susceptibility to bilateral tinnitus in a Swedish twin cohort. Genetics in Medicine 19(9):1007–1012

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vona B, Nanda I, Shehata-Dieler W, Haaf T (2017) Genetics of tinnitus: still in its infancy. Front Neurosci 11:236

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clifford RE, Maihofer AX, Stein MB, Ryan AF, Nievergelt CM (2020) Novel risk loci in tinnitus and causal inference with neuropsychiatric disorders among adults of European ancestry. JAMA Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 146(11):1015–1025

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bhatt IS, Wilson N, Dias R, Torkamani A (2022) A genome-wide association study of tinnitus reveals shared genetic links to neuropsychiatric disorders. Sci Rep 12(1):22511

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wells HR, Abidin FNZ, Freidin MB, Williams FM, Dawson SJ (2021) Genome-wide association study suggests that variation at the RCOR1 locus is associated with tinnitus in UK Biobank. Sci Rep 11(1):6470

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clifford RE, Maihofer AX, Chatzinakos C, Coleman JR, Daskalakis NP, Gasperi M et al (2024) Genetic architecture distinguishes tinnitus from hearing loss. Nat Commun 15(1):614

Urbanek ME, Zuo J (2021) Genetic predisposition to tinnitus in the UK Biobank population. Sci Rep 11(1):18150

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amanat S, Gallego-Martinez A, Sollini J, Perez-Carpena P, Espinosa-Sanchez JM, Aran I et al (2021) Burden of rare variants in synaptic genes in patients with severe tinnitus: An exome based extreme phenotype study. EBioMedicine 66

Jin Z, Liu Y (2018) DNA methylation in human diseases. Genes & diseases 5(1):1–8

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Moore LD, Le T, Fan G (2013) DNA methylation and its basic function. Neuropsychopharmacology 38(1):23–38

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han L, Su B, Li WH, Zhao Z (2008) CpG island density and its correlations with genomic features in mammalian genomes. Genome Biol 9(5):1–12

Article  Google Scholar 

International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409(6822):860–921

Bibikova M, Barnes B, Tsan C, Ho V, Klotzle B, Le JM et al (2011) High density DNA methylation array with single CpG site resolution. Genomics 98(4):288–295

Eckhardt F, Lewin J, Cortese R, Rakyan VK, Attwood J, Burger M et al (2006) DNA methylation profiling of human chromosomes 6, 20 and 22. Nat Gen 38(12):1378–1385

Medvedeva YA, Fridman MV, Oparina NJ, Malko DB, Ermakova EO, Kulakovskiy IV, Heinzel A, Makeev VJ (2010) Intergenic, gene terminal, and intragenic CpG islands in the human genome. BMC Genomics 11(1):1–16

Gardiner-Garden M, Frommer M (1987) CpG islands in vertebrate genomes. J Mol Biol 196(2):261–282

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Antequera F, Bird A (1993) Number of CpG islands and genes in human and mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci 90(24):11995–11999

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Varley KE, Gertz J, Bowling KM, Parker SL, Reddy TE, Pauli-Behn F et al (2013) Dynamic DNA methylation across diverse human cell lines and tissues. Genome Res 23(3):555–567

Montano C, Taub MA, Jaffe A, Briem E, Feinberg JI, Trygvadottir R et al (2016) Association of DNA methylation differences with schizophrenia in an epigenome-wide association study. JAMA Psychiatry 73(5):506–514

Sabunciyan S, Aryee MJ, Irizarry RA, Rongione M, Webster MJ et al (2012) Genome-wide DNA methylation scan in major depressive disorder. PLoS One 7(4):e34451

Pidsley R, Mill J (2011) Epigenetic studies of psychosis: current findings, methodological approaches, and implications for postmortem research. Biol Psychiat 69(2):146–156

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sjöholm LK, Ransome Y, Ekström TJ, Karlsson O (2018) Evaluation of post-mortem effects on global brain DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 122(2):208–213

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nishitani S, Isozaki M, Yao A, Higashino Y, Yamauchi T, Kidoguchi M et al (2023) Cross-tissue correlations of genome-wide DNA methylation in Japanese live human brain and blood, saliva, and buccal epithelial tissues. Transl Psychiatry 13(1):72

Braun PR, Han S, Hing B, Nagahama Y, Gaul LN, Heinzman JT et al (2019) Genome-wide DNA methylation comparison between live human brain and peripheral tissues within individuals. Transl Psychiatry 9(1):47

Langie SA, Moisse M, Declerck K, Koppen G, Godderis L, Vanden Berghe W et al (2017) Salivary DNA methylation profiling: aspects to consider for biomarker identification. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 121:93–101

Fransen E, Cassiers LL, Chubar V, Gilles A, Van Rompaey V, van der Werf I et al (2023) Differential effect of panic on the DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene exon 1F in chronic subjective tinnitus with distress. Psychiatric Gen 33(4):134–144

Wang Z, Wilson CM, Ge Y, Nemes J, LaValle C, Boutté A et al (2020) DNA methylation patterns of chronic explosive breaching in U.S. Military warfighters. Front Neurol 11:1010

Orenay-Boyacioglu S, Caliskan M, Boyacioglu O, Coskunoglu A, Bozkurt G, Cam FS (2019) Chronic tinnitus and BDNF/GDNF CpG promoter methylations: a case–control study. Mol Biol Rep 46(4):3929–3936

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Vries M, van der Plaat DA, Nedeljkovic I, Verkaik-Schakel RN, Kooistra W, Amin N et al (2018) From blood to lung tissue: effect of cigarette smoke on DNA methylation and lung function. Respiratory Res 19(1):1–9

Lee KW, Pausova Z (2013) Cigarette smoking and DNA methylation. Front Genet 4:132

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joehanes R, Just AC, Marioni RE, Pilling LC, Reynolds LM, Mandaviya PR et al (2016) Epigenetic signatures of cigarette smoking. Circ Cardiovasc Genet 9(5):436–447

Christensen CH, Chang JT, Rostron BL, Hammad HT, van Bemmel DM, Del Valle-Pinero AY et al (2021) Biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress among adult former smoker, current e-cigarette users—results from wave 1 PATH study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers 30(10):1947–1955

Ringh MV, Hagemann-Jensen M, Needhamsen M, Kular L, Breeze CE, Sjöholm LK et al (2019) Tobacco smoking induces changes in true DNA methylation, hydroxymethylation and gene expression in bronchoalveolar lavage cells. EBioMedicine 46:290–304

Barcelona V, Huang Y, Brown K, Liu J, Zhao W, Yu M et al (2019) Novel DNA methylation sites associated with cigarette smoking among African Americans. Epigenetics 14(4):l383–391

Eze IC, Jeong A, Schaffner E, Rezwan FI, Ghantous A, Foraster M et al (2020) Genome-wide DNA methylation in peripheral blood and long-term exposure to source-specific transportation noise and air pollution: the SAPALDIA study. Environ Health Perspect 128(6):67003.

Horvath S (2013) DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol 14(10):1–20

Article  Google Scholar 

Horvath S, Zhang Y, Langfelder P, Kahn RS, Boks MP, van Eijk K, van den Berg LH, Ophoff RA (2012) Aging effects on DNA methylation modules in human brain and blood tissue. Genome Biol 13(10):1–18

Bhatt IS (2018) Prevalence of and risk factors for tinnitus and tinnitus-related handicap in a college-aged population. Ear Hear 39(3):517–526

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Newman CW, Jacobson GP, Spitzer JB (1996) Development of the tinnitus handicap inventory. Arch Otolaryngol-Head Neck Surg 122(2):143–148

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meikle MB, Henry JA, Griest SE, Stewart BJ, Abrams HB, McArdle R et al (2012) The tinnitus functional index: development of a new clinical measure for chronic, intrusive tinnitus. Ear Hear 33(2):153–176

Morris TJ, Butcher LM, Feber A, Teschendorff AE, Chakravarthy AR, Wojdacz TK, Beck S (2014) ChAMP: 450k chip analysis methylation pipeline. Bioinformatics 30(3):428–430

Article  CAS