Morimoto K, Nakajima K. Role of the immune system in the development of the central nervous system. Front Neurosci. 2019;13:916.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salvador AF, de Lima KA, Kipnis J. Neuromodulation by the immune system: a focus on cytokines. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21:526–41.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Filiano AJ, Gadani SP, Kipnis J. How and why do T cells and their derived cytokines affect the injured and healthy brain? Nat Rev Neurosci. 2017;18:375–84.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
das Neves SP, Delivanoglou N, Da Mesquita S. CNS-draining meningeal lymphatic vasculature: roles, conundrums and future challenges. Front Pharmacol 2021;12.
Mazzitelli JA, et al. Skull bone marrow channels as immune gateways to the central nervous system. Nat Neurosci. 2023;26:2052–62.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Calvillo L, Gironacci MM, Crotti L, Meroni PL, Parati G. Neuroimmune crosstalk in the pathophysiology of hypertension. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16:476–90.
Carnevale D. Role of inflammatory processes in the brain-body relationship underlying hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2023;25:455–61.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Carnevale D. Neuroimmune axis of cardiovascular control: mechanisms and therapeutic implications. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2022;19:379–94.
Ahmari N, Hayward LF, Zubcevic J. The importance of bone marrow and the immune system in driving increases in blood pressure and sympathetic nerve activity in hypertension. Exp Physiol. 2020;105:1815–26.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hu J-R, Abdullah A, Nanna MG, Soufer R. The brain–heart axis: neuroinflammatory interactions in cardiovascular disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11886-023-01990-8.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Choi SS, Lee HJ, Lim I, Satoh J, Kim SU. Human astrocytes: secretome profiles of cytokines and chemokines. PLoS ONE. 2014;9: e92325.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chhor V, et al. Characterization of phenotype markers and neuronotoxic potential of polarised primary microglia in vitro. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;32:70–85.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Konishi H, Koizumi S, Kiyama H. Phagocytic astrocytes: emerging from the shadows of microglia. Glia. 2022;70:1009–26.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gentleman SM. Review: microglia in protein aggregation disorders: friend or foe? Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2013;39:45–50.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sierra A, Abiega O, Shahraz A, Neumann H. Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci. 2013;7:6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rostami J, et al. Astrocytes have the capacity to act as antigen-presenting cells in the Parkinson’s disease brain. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17:119.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wolf Y, et al. Microglial MHC class II is dispensable for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cuprizone-induced demyelination. Eur J Immunol. 2018;48:1308–18.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nimmerjahn A, Kirchhoff F, Helmchen F. Resting microglial cells are highly dynamic surveillants of brain parenchyma in vivo. Science. 2005;308:1314–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kiyoshi CM, Zhou M. Astrocyte syncytium: a functional reticular system in the brain. Neural Regen Res. 2019;14:595–6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Filosa JA, Morrison HW, Iddings JA, Du W, Kim KJ. Beyond neurovascular coupling, role of astrocytes in the regulation of vascular tone. Neuroscience. 2016;323:96–109.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rostami J, et al. Crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia results in increased degradation of α-synuclein and amyloid-β aggregates. J Neuroinflammation. 2021;18:124.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Liu W, Wong A, Law ACK, Mok VCT. Cerebrovascular disease, amyloid plaques, and dementia. Stroke. 2015;46:1402–7.
Utz SG, et al. Early fate defines microglia and non-parenchymal brain macrophage development. Cell 2020;181:557–573.
Goldmann T, et al. Origin, fate and dynamics of macrophages at central nervous system interfaces. Nat Immunol. 2016;17:797–805.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
•• Drieu A, et al. Parenchymal border macrophages regulate the flow dynamics of the cerebrospinal fluid. Nature. 2022;611:585–93. This study shows that BAMs can regulate the flow of CSF by promoting arterial motion. Depletion of BAMs impairs CSF perfusion and clearance.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Uekawa K, et al. Border-associated macrophages promote cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cognitive impairment through vascular oxidative stress. Mol Neurodegener. 2023;18:73. This study shows that BAM-derived ROS promotes neurovascular dysfunction in middle-aged Tg2576 mice. BAM depletion prevents vascular remodeling and rescues cognitive impairment.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Faraco G, et al. Perivascular macrophages mediate the neurovascular and cognitive dysfunction associated with hypertension. J Clin Invest. 2016;126:4674–89.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
• Taylor X, et al. Amyloid-beta (Abeta) immunotherapy induced microhemorrhages are associated with activated perivascular macrophages and peripheral monocyte recruitment in Alzheimer’s disease mice. Mol Neurodegener. 2023;18:59. In this study, activated BAMs accumulate around anti-Aβ antibodies, leading to increased vascular permeability and immune cell infiltration.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mundt S, Keller A, Greter M. The dural sinus hub: more than just a brain drain. Cell. 2021;184:858–60.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
•• Rustenhoven J, et al. Functional characterization of the dural sinuses as a neuroimmune interface. Cell 2021;184:1000–1016. This study details the immune cell interactions in the dura in health and neurodegeneration.
Antila S, et al. Development and plasticity of meningeal lymphatic vessels. J Exp Med. 2017;214:3645–67.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Louveau A, et al. Structural and functional features of central nervous system lymphatics. Nature. 2015;523:337–41.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sato T, Konishi H, Tamada H, Nishiwaki K, Kiyama H. Morphology, localization, and postnatal development of dural macrophages. Cell Tissue Res. 2021;384:49–58.
Comments (0)