Younis HA, Eisa TAE, Nasser M et al (2024) A systematic review and Meta-Analysis of artificial intelligence tools in medicine and healthcare: applications, considerations, limitations, motivation and challenges. Diagnostics 14(1):109. https://doi.org/10.3390/DIAGNOSTICS14010109/S1

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu Y, Liu X, Cao X et al (2021) Artificial intelligence: a powerful paradigm for scientific research. Innovation (Camb). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.XINN.2021.100179

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Perez-Lopez R, Ghaffari Laleh N, Mahmood F, Kather JN (2024) A guide to artificial intelligence for cancer researchers. nature reviews cancer 24(6):427–441. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-024-00694-7

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Khalifa M, Albadawy M (2024) Using artificial intelligence in academic writing and research: an essential productivity tool. Comput Methods Programs Biomed Update 5:100145. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CMPBUP.2024.100145

Article  Google Scholar 

Hollon TC, Pandian B, Adapa AR et al (2020) Near real-time intraoperative brain tumor diagnosis using stimulated Raman histology and deep neural networks. Nature Medicine 26(1):52–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-019-0715-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kim JS, Arvind V, Oermann EK et al (2018) Predicting surgical complications in patients undergoing elective adult spinal deformity procedures using machine learning. Spine Deform 6(6):762–770. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSPD.2018.03.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oermann EK, Kress MAS, Collins BT et al (2013) Predicting survival in patients with brain metastases treated with radiosurgery using artificial neural networks. Neurosurgery 72(6):944–951. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0B013E31828EA04B

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bocanegra-Becerra JE, Neves Ferreira JS, Simoni G et al (2025) Machine learning algorithms for neurosurgical preoperative planning: a scoping review. World Neurosurg 194:123465. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WNEU.2024.11.048

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Amico RS, White TG, Shah HA, Langer DJ. I Asked a ChatGPT to Write an Editorial About How We Can Incorporate Chatbots Into Neurosurgical Research and Patient Care…Neurosurgery. 2023;92(4):663–664. doi:10.1227/NEU.0000000000002414

Alattar AA, McDowell MM (2023) The rise of AI co-authors: navigating the future of scientific writing with ChatGPT. J Neurosurg 139(5):1485–1486. https://doi.org/10.3171/2023.3.JNS23254

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI (2023) Artificial hallucinations in chatgpt: implications in scientific writing. Cureus 15(2):e35179. https://doi.org/10.7759/CUREUS.35179

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Babl FE, Babl MP (2023) Generative artificial intelligence: can ChatGPT write a quality abstract? Emerg Med Australas 35(5):809–811. https://doi.org/10.1111/1742-6723.14233

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanchez-Ramos L, Lin L, Romero R (2023) Beware of references when using ChatGPT as a source of information to write scientific articles. Am J Obstet Gynecol 229(3):356–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2023.04.004

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Macdonald C, Adeloye D, Sheikh A, Rudan I (2023) Can ChatGPT draft a research article? An example of population-level vaccine effectiveness analysis. J Glob Health 13:01003. https://doi.org/10.7189/JOGH.13.01003

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cardia A, Zaed I (2023) Letter: i asked a ChatGPT to write an editorial about how we can incorporate chatbots into neurosurgical research and patient care…. Neurosurgery 93(4):E107–E108. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000002619

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dagi TF, Barker FG, Glass J (2021) Machine learning and artificial intelligence in neurosurgery: status, prospects, and challenges. Neurosurgery 89(2):133–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/NEUROS/NYAB170

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Torabi SJ, Warn MJ, Bitner BF, Haidar YM, Tjoa T, Kuan EC (2024) Variability of guidelines and disclosures for AI-Generated content in top surgical journals. Surg Innov 31(4):389–391. https://doi.org/10.1177/15533506241259916/ASSET/IMAGES/LARGE/10.1177_15533506241259916-FIG1.JPEG

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Inam M, Sheikh S, Minhas AMK et al (2024) A review of top cardiology and cardiovascular medicine journal guidelines regarding the use of generative artificial intelligence tools in scientific writing. Curr Probl Cardiol 49(3):102387. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CPCARDIOL.2024.102387

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Behroozinia M, Khosrawi S (2024) A review of physical medicine and rehabilitation journals’ guidelines regarding the use of artificial intelligence in manuscript writing. Arch Rehabil Res Clin Transl Published Online Dec 19:100419. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ARRCT.2024.100419

Article  Google Scholar 

Almobayed A, Eleiwa TK, Badla O, Khodor A, Ruiz-Lozano RE, Elhusseiny AM (2025) Do ophthalmology journals have AI policies for manuscript writing?? Am J Ophthalmol 271:38–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AJO.2024.11.003

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khatri S, Shah A, Yumeen S, Saliba E (2024) Analysis of dermatology journal policy toward artificial intelligence. J Cutan Med Surg 28(3):304–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/12034754241238709

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simsek O, Manteghinejad A, Vossough A (2024) A comparative review of imaging journal policies for use of AI in manuscript generation. Acad Radiol 31(12):5232–5236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acra.2024.05.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganjavi C, Eppler MB, Pekcan A et al (2024) Publishers’ and journals’ instructions to authors on use of generative artificial intelligence in academic and scientific publishing: bibliometric analysis. BMJ 384. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ-2023-077192

trained Transformer CGP, Zhavoronkov A (2022) Rapamycin in the context of pascal’s wager: generative pre-trained transformer perspective. Oncoscience 9:82. https://doi.org/10.18632/ONCOSCIENCE.571

Article  Google Scholar 

O’Connor S (2023) Open artificial intelligence platforms in nursing education: tools for academic progress or abuse? Nurse Educ Pract 66:103537. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.NEPR.2022.103537

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tools such (2023) As ChatGPT threaten transparent science; here are our ground rules for their use. Nature 613(7945):612. https://doi.org/10.1038/D41586-023-00191-1

Article  Google Scholar 

Ali A, Kumar RP, Polavarapu H et al (2024) Bridging the gap: can large language models match human expertise in writing neurosurgical operative notes?? World Neurosurg 192:e34–e41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.WNEU.2024.08.062

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Salvagno M, Taccone FS, Gerli AG (2023) Can artificial intelligence help for scientific writing? Crit Care 27(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1186/S13054-023-04380-2

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mishra A, Begley SL, Chen A et al (2023) Exploring the intersection of artificial intelligence and neurosurgery: let us be cautious with ChatGPT. Neurosurgery 93(6):1366–1373. https://doi.org/10.1227/NEU.0000000000002598

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hopkins BS, Carter B, Lord J, Rutka JT, Cohen-Gadol AA, Editorial (2024) AtlasGPT: dawn of a new era in neurosurgery for intelligent care augmentation, operative planning, and performance. J Neurosurg 140(5):1211–1214. https://doi.org/10.3171/2024.2.JNS232997

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohamed AA, Johansen PM, Lucke-Wold B (2024) Letter to the editor. AtlasGPT and beyond: optimizing neurosurgical chatbots through data sources and transfer learning. J Neurosurg 141(3):880–881. https://doi.org/10.3171/2024.4.JNS24895

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ali R, Abdulrazeq HF, Patil A et al (2025) AtlasGPT: a language model grounded in neurosurgery with domain-specific data and document retrieval. J Neurosurg. https://doi.org/10.3171/2024.12.JNS241607

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciaccio EJ (2023) Use of artificial intelligence in scientific paper writing. Inf Med Unlocked 41:101253. https://do