Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Investig. 2006;116:2062–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bouillon R, Marcocci C, Carmeliet G, Bikle D, White JH, Dawson-Hughes B, et al. Skeletal and extraskeletal actions of vitamin D: current evidence and outstanding questions. Endocr Rev. 2019;40:1109–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:266–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanderman-Nawijn E, Brants H, Dinnissen C, Ocké M, Van Rossum C. Energy and nutrient intake in the Netherlands: Results of the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2019-2021. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2024. Report No.: 2024-0071.

Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80:1678s–88s.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Spiro A, Buttriss JL. Vitamin D: an overview of vitamin D status and intake in Europe. Nutr Bull. 2014;39:322–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1988;67:373–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Health Council of the Netherlands. Evaluation of the dietary reference intakes for vitamin D [In Dutch: evaluatie van de voedingsnormen voor vitamine D]. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2012. Contract No.: 2012/15.

Health Council of the Netherlands. Dietary reference values for vitamins and minerals for adults [In Dutch: voedingsnormen voor vitamines en mineralen voor volwassenen]. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2018. Report No.: 2018/19.

Van Rossum C, Buurma-Rethans E, Dinnissen C, Beukers M, Brants H, Ocké M The diet of the Dutch: Results of the Dutch national food consumption survey 2012-2016. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2020.

Van Rossum C, Fransen H, Verkaik-Kloosterman J, Buurma-Rethans E, Ocké M. Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2007-2010: diet of children and adults aged 7 to 69 years. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2011. Report No.: 350050006/2011.

Hoevenaar-Blom MP, Wielders JPM, Groeneveld H, de Leeuw E, Schmits RJH, Pepermans C, et al. Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in infants and toddlers in the Netherlands: a pilot study. Ann Clin Biochem. 2019;56:613–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Man PW, Lin W, van der Meer IM, Heijboer AC, Wolterbeek R, Numans ME, et al. Vitamin D status in the Chinese population in the Netherlands: The DRAGON study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:194–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Meer IM, Boeke AJ, Lips P, Grootjans-Geerts I, Wuister JD, Devillé WL, et al. Fatty fish and supplements are the greatest modifiable contributors to the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in a multiethnic population. Clin Endocrinol. 2008;68:466–72.

Article  Google Scholar 

Verkaik-Kloosterman J, Van Valkengoed I, de Boer E, Nicolaou M, van der AD. Nutritional status of Asian and African Surinamese and ethnic Dutch in the Netherlands – The SUNSET study [In Dutch: voedingsstatus van Hindoestaanse en Creoolse Surinamers en autochtone Nederlanders in Nederland: Het SUNSET-onderzoek]. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health & the Environment; 2011.

Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Vrijkotte TGM, Feskens EJM. Maternal vitamin D concentrations are associated with faster childhood reaction time and response speed, but not with motor fluency and flexibility, at the age of 5-6 years: the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) Study. Br J Nutr. 2018;120:345–52.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van Zwol - Janssens C, Trasande L, Asimakopoulos AG, Martinez-Moral M-P, Kannan K, Philips EM, et al. Fetal exposure to bisphenols and phthalates and childhood bone mass: a population-based prospective cohort study. Environ Res. 2020;186:109602.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Vaes AMM, van der Zwaluw NL, van Wijngaarden JP, Swart KMA, Ham AC, et al. Relative importance of summer sun exposure, vitamin D intake, and genes to vitamin D status in Dutch older adults: The B-PROOF study. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2016;164:168–76.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merlijn T, Swart KMA, Lips P, Heymans MW, Sohl E, Van Schoor NM, et al. Prediction of insufficient serum vitamin D status in older women: a validated model. Osteoporos Int. 2018;29:1539–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Janssen HCJP, Emmelot-Vonk MH, Verhaar HJJ, van der Schouw YT. Determinants of vitamin D status in healthy men and women aged 40–80 years. Maturitas. 2013;74:79–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Meems LMG, de Borst MH, Postma DS, Vonk JM, Kremer HPH, Schuttelaar M-LA, et al. Low levels of vitamin D are associated with multimorbidity: Results from the LifeLines Cohort Study. Ann Med. 2015;47:474–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Milder I, Hendriksen M, van der AD. NL de Maat study: insufficient vitamin D status during the winter [In Dutch: NL de Maat studie: Te lage vitamine D-status in winter]. Voeding NU. 2014:8–10.

Scholtens S, Smidt N, Swertz MA, Bakker SJ, Dotinga A, Vonk JM, et al. Cohort Profile: LifeLines, a three-generation cohort study and biobank. Int J Epidemiol. 2014;44:1172–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anomymous. Population; highest level of education and direction of education [in Dutch: bevolking; hoogstbehaald onderwijsniveau en onderwijsrichting]: Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek (CBS). Available from: https://opendata.cbs.nl/#/CBS/nl/dataset/85313NED/table. Accessed 2 Sept 2024.

Anonymous. Educational Attainment: Lifelines Wiki. Available from: https://wiki.lifelines.nl/doku.php?id=educational_attainment. Accessed 9 Aug 2024.

Anonymous. Urbanisation (of an area) [In Dutch: stedelijkheid (van een gebied)]: Centraal Bureau voor Statistiek (CBS). Available from: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/onze-diensten/methoden/begrippen/stedelijkheid--van-een-gebied--#:~:text=%2D%20sterk%20stedelijk%3A%20gemiddelde%20oad%20van,dan%20500%20adressen%20per%20km2. Accessed 9 Aug 2024.

Scientific Committee on Food, Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products Nutrition and Allergies. Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. European Food Safety Authority; 2006.

EFSA Panel on Nutrition Novel Foods and Food Allergens (NDA), Turck D, Bohn T, Castenmiller J, de Henauw S, Hirsch-Ernst K-I, et al. Scientific opinion on the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D, including the derivation of a conversion factor for calcidiol monohydrate. EFSA J. 2023;21:e08145.

Google Scholar 

Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1995;57:289–300.

Article  Google Scholar 

Boonman-de Winter LJ, Albersen A, Mohrmann K, Bakx-van Baal CM, Meijer Timmerman Thijssen DW, Bressers JP. [High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the south-west Netherlands]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2015;159:A8167.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Compston J, Vedi S, Croucher P. Low prevalence of osteomalacia in elderly patients with hip fracture. Age Ageing. 1991;20:132–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bhan A, Rao AD, Rao DS. Osteomalacia as a result of vitamin D deficiency. Rheum Dis Clin. 2012;38:81–91.

Article  Google Scholar 

Holick MF. Vitamin D: a d-lightful solution for health. J Invest Med. 2011;59:872–80.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Theodoratou E, Tzoulaki I, Zgaga L, Ioannidis JP. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised trials. BMJ. 2014;348:g2035.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu D, Meng X, Tian Q, Cao W, Fan X, Wu L, et al. Vitamin D and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and mendelian randomization studies. Adv Nutr. 2022;13:1044–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hansen L, Tjønneland A, Køster B, Brot C, Andersen R, Cohen AS, et al. Vitamin D status and seasonal variation among Danish children and adults: a descriptive study. Nutrients. 2018;10:1801.

Visser M, Deeg DJH, Puts MTE, Seidell JC, Lips P. Low serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in older persons and the risk of nursing home admission. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:616–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Health Council of the Netherlands. Vitamin D and the prevention of COVID-19 and acute respiratory infections [In Dutch: vitamine D en de preventie van COVID-19 en acute luchtweginfecties]. The Hague: Health Council of the Netherlands; 2021.

Van Rossum C, Sanderman-Nawijn E, Brants H, Dinnissen C, Jansen-van der Vliet M, Beukers M, et al. The diet of the Dutch Results of the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2019-2021 on food consumption and evaluation with dietary guidelines. Bilthoven: National Institute for Public Health and the Environment; 2023.

Souberbielle JC, Massart C, Brailly-Tabard S, Cavalier E, Chanson P. Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in healthy French adults: the VARIETE study. Endocrine. 2016;53:543–50.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cashman KD, Dowling KG, Škrabáková Z, Gonzalez-Gross M, Valtueña J, De Henauw S, et al. Vitamin D deficiency in Europe: pandemic?. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:1033–44.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kerlikowsky F, Schuchardt JP, Hahn A. Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D status in healthy and active home-dwelling people over 70 years. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23:673.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

European Food Satefy Authority (EFSA). Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for vitamin D. EFSA J. 2016;14:4547.

Google Scholar 

Nordic Council of Ministers (NCM). Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012 Integrating nutrition and physical activity. Copenhagen: NCM; 2014.