Reynolds E. Vitamin B12, folic acid, and the nervous system. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:949–60.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Calderon-Ospina CA, Nava-Mesa MO. B Vitamins in the nervous system: current knowledge of the biochemical modes of action and synergies of thiamine, pyridoxine, and cobalamin. CNS Neurosci Ther. 2020;26:5–13.
Smith AD, Refsum H. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and cognitive impairment. Annu Rev Nutr. 2016;36:211–39.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Powers HJ. Riboflavin (vitamin B-2) and health. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77:1352–60.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Moat SJ, Ashfield-Watt PA, Powers HJ, Newcombe RG, McDowell IF. Effect of riboflavin status on the homocysteine-lowering effect of folate in relation to the MTHFR (C677T) genotype. Clin Chem. 2003;49:295–302.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, Jacques PF, Rosenberg IH, D’Agostino RB, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:476–83.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Agnew-Blais JC, Wassertheil-Smoller S, Kang JH, Hogan PE, Coker LH, Snetselaar LG, et al. Folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 intake and mild cognitive impairment and probable dementia in the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2015;115:231–41.
Corrada MM, Kawas CH, Hallfrisch J, Muller D, Brookmeyer R. Reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease with high folate intake: the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Alzheimers Dement. 2005;1:11–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Luchsinger JA, Tang MX, Miller J, Green R, Mayeux R. Relation of higher folate intake to lower risk of Alzheimer disease in the elderly. Arch Neurol. 2007;64:86–92.
Nelson C, Wengreen HJ, Munger RG, Corcoran CD. Dietary folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6 and incident Alzheimer’s disease: the Cache County Memory, Health and Aging Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2009;13:899–905.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lefevre-Arbogast S, Feart C, Dartigues JF, Helmer C, Letenneur L, Samieri C. Dietary B vitamins and a 10-year risk of dementia in older persons. Nutrients. 2016;8:671.
Wang Z, Zhu W, Xing Y, Jia J, Tang Y. B vitamins and prevention of cognitive decline and incident dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutr Rev. 2021;80:931–49.
Kimura Y, Yoshida D, Ohara T, Hata J, Honda T, Hirakawa Y, et al. Long-term association of vegetable and fruit intake with risk of dementia in Japanese older adults: the Hisayama study. BMC Geriatr. 2022;22:257.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang Y, Mi N, Liao K, Li Y, Sun Y, Xie P. et al. Associations among dietary 1-carbon metabolism nutrients, genetic risk, and Alzheimer disease: a prospective cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2024;120:1009–18.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yamagishi K, Muraki I, Kubota Y, Hayama-Terada M, Imano H, Cui R, et al. The Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS): a long-term epidemiological study for lifestyle-related disease among Japanese men and women living in communities. J Epidemiol. 2019;29:83–91.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ikeda A, Yamagishi K, Tanigawa T, Cui R, Yao M, Noda H, et al. Cigarette smoking and risk of disabling dementia in a Japanese rural community: a nested case-control study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25:324–31.
Noda H, Yamagishi K, Ikeda A, Asada T, Iso H. Identification of dementia using standard clinical assessments by primary care physicians in Japan. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2018;18:738–44.
Iso H, Terao A, Kitamura A, Sato S, Naito Y, Kiyama M, et al. Calcium intake and blood pressure in seven Japanese populations. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133:776–83.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Standard tables of food compusition in Japan. Japan: Official Gazette Co-operation of Japan; 2015.
Willett WC, Howe GR, Kushi LH. Adjustment for total energy intake in epidemiologic studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65:1220S–8S. discussion 9S-31S.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Imano H, Iso H, Kiyama M, Yamagishi K, Ohira T, Sato S, et al. Non-fasting blood glucose and risk of incident coronary heart disease in middle-aged general population: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study (CIRCS). Prev Med. 2012;55:603–7.
Qin B, Xun P, Jacobs DR Jr, Zhu N, Daviglus ML, Reis JP, et al. Intake of niacin, folate, vitamin B-6, and vitamin B-12 through young adulthood and cognitive function in midlife: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2017;106:1032–40.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Guenther BD, Sheppard CA, Tran P, Rozen R, Matthews RG, Ludwig ML. The structure and properties of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase from Escherichia coli suggest how folate ameliorates human hyperhomocysteinemia. Nat Struct Biol. 1999;6:359–65.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jacques PF, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rich S, Rosenberg IH, Selhub J. Determinants of plasma total homocysteine concentration in the Framingham Offspring cohort. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001;73:613–21.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McNulty H, Dowey le RC, Strain JJ, Dunne A, Ward M, Molloy AM, et al. Riboflavin lowers homocysteine in individuals homozygous for the MTHFR 677C->T polymorphism. Circulation. 2006;113:74–80.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wilson CP, McNulty H, Ward M, Strain JJ, Trouton TG, Hoeft BA, et al. Blood pressure in treated hypertensive individuals with the MTHFR 677TT genotype is responsive to intervention with riboflavin: findings of a targeted randomized trial. Hypertension. 2013;61:1302–8.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ashoori M, Saedisomeolia A. Riboflavin (vitamin B(2)) and oxidative stress: a review. Br J Nutr. 2014;111:1985–91.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Betz AL, Ren XD, Ennis SR, Hultquist DE. Riboflavin reduces edema in focal cerebral ischemia. Acta Neurochir Suppl. 1994;60:314–7.
Hoane MR, Wolyniak JG, Akstulewicz SL. Administration of riboflavin improves behavioral outcome and reduces edema formation and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma. 2005;22:1112–22.
Durga J, van Boxtel MP, Schouten EG, Kok FJ, Jolles J, Katan MB, et al. Effect of 3-year folic acid supplementation on cognitive function in older adults in the FACIT trial: a randomised, double blind, controlled trial. Lancet. 2007;369:208–16.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, Wilson PW, Rosenberg IH. The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1449–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jayedi A, Zargar MS. Intake of vitamin B6, folate, and vitamin B12 and risk of coronary heart disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59:2697–707.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ntaios G, Savopoulos C, Grekas D, Hatzitolios A. The controversial role of B-vitamins in cardiovascular risk: an update. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;102:847–54.
Comments (0)