Choi PJ, Oskouian RJ, Tubbs RS (2018) Telesurgery: past, present, and future. Cureus 10(5):e2716
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Johnson B, Somu G (2016) Robotic telesurgery: benefits beyond barriers. BMH Med J. ISSN 2348--392X 3(2):51–54
Challacombe B, Patriciu A, Glass J, Aron M, Jarrett T, Kim F et al (2005) A randomized controlled trial of human versus robotic and telerobotic access to the kidney as the first step in percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Comput Aided Surg 10(3):165–171
Marescaux J, Leroy J, Rubino F, Smith M, Vix M, Simone M et al (2002) Transcontinental robot-assisted remote telesurgery: feasibility and potential applications. Ann Surg 235(4):487–492
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sterbis JR, Hanly EJ, Herman BC, Marohn MR, Broderick TJ, Shih SP et al (2008) Transcontinental telesurgical nephrectomy using the da Vinci robot in a porcine model. Urology 71(5):971–973
Anvari M, McKinley C, Stein H (2005) Establishment of the world’s first telerobotic remote surgical service. Ann Surg 241(3):460–464
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
(PDF) Application of a Robotic Telemanipulation System in Stereotactic Surgery. ResearchGate [Internet]. 2025 Aug 10 [cited 2025 Aug 14]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5859625_Application_of_a_Robotic_Telemanipulation_System_in_Stereotactic_Surgery
Patel TM, Shah SC, Pancholy SB (2019) Long distance tele-robotic-assisted percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of first-in-human experience. EClinicalMedicine 14:53–58
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Tian W, Fan M, Zeng C, Liu Y, He D, Zhang Q (2020) Telerobotic spinal surgery based on 5G network: the first 12 cases. Neurospine 17(1):114–120
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bansal E, Kunaprayoon S, Zhang LP (2023) Opportunities for global health diplomacy in transnational robotic telesurgery. AMA J Ethics 25(8):E624-636
(PDF) Robotic Surgery and its use in Pakistan. ResearchGate [Internet]. 2025 Aug 8 [cited 2025 Aug 14]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336233717_Robotic_Surgery_and_its_use_in_Pakistan
Manzoor I (2021) Evolution of telehealth and its future in Pakistan. J Fatima Jinnah Med Univ 15(4):148–149
Unlocking potential: legal and regulatory dynamics in Pakistan’s digital health industry [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 13]. Available from: https://www.ibanet.org/legal-and-regulatory-dynamrics-in-Pakistans-digital-health-industry
DW D com |. DAWN.COM. 13:03:27+05:00 [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Sehat Kahani, a startup aiming to empower female doctors across Pakistan, raises $500,000 in seed funding. Available from: https://www.dawn.com/news/1396670
Correspondent O. The Express Tribune. 2020 [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Sehat Kahani launches ‘Tele-ICU’ to aid hospitals across Pakistan. Available from: https://tribune.com.pk/story/2269494/sehat-kahani-launches-tele-icu-to-aid-hospitals-across-pakistan
Sehat Kahani is showing Pakistan that digital health services can change lives – for both patients and doctors [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.gavi.org/vaccineswork/sehat-kahani-showing-pakistan-digital-health-services-can-change-lives-both
Jiao W, Li JM, Zhang X, Niu HT (2022) Problems to be solved in the development from the perspective of future application scenarios of telesurgery. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 60(5):436–440
Meara JG, Leather AJM, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA et al (2015) Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development. Lancet Lond Engl 386(9993):569–624
Morohashi H, Hakamada K, Kanno T, Kawashima K, Akasaka H, Ebihara Y et al (2022) Social implementation of a remote surgery system in Japan: a field experiment using a newly developed surgical robot via a commercial network. Surg Today 52(4):705–714
Markar SR, Kolic I, Karthikesalingam AP, Wagner O, Hagen ME (2012) International survey study of attitudes towards robotic surgery. J Robot Surg 6(3):231–235
Sultan I, Bardi MF, Baatta AM, Almaghrabi S, Mohammed RA (2022) Medical students’ attitude towards robotic surgery: a cross-sectional survey. J Med Educ Curric Dev 9:23821205211066484
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mousa AH, Nukaly HY, Abujamai JZ, Mohamed REA, AlShehabi N, Duvuru R, et al. Robotic Surgery Perception and Attitude Among Medical Students in the Gulf Countries: A Multinational Cross-Sectional Study [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Available from: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-2793219/v1
(PDF) Knowledge and attitudes of Syrian medical students regarding robotic surgery: A cross-sectional study. ResearchGate [Internet]. 2025 Aug 6 [cited 2025 Aug 14]; Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/377116989_Knowledge_and_attitudes_of_Syrian_medical_students_regarding_robotic_surgery_A_cross-sectional_study
Prevention-of-Electronic-Crime-Act-2016.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Available from: https://wpc.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/Prevention-of-Electronic-Crime-Act-2016.pdf
PMDC-Code-of-ethic.pdf [Internet]. [cited 2025 Aug 14]. Available from: https://fjmu.edu.pk/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/PMDC-Code-of-ethic.pdf
Elendu C, Amaechi DC, Elendu TC, Amaechi EC, Elendu ID, Omokore OA et al (2025) The legal and ethical considerations in cross-border telesurgical procedures. Ann Med Surg 87(6):3660–3672
CovasMoschovas M, Saikali S, Rogers T, Gamal A, Perera R, Reddy S et al (2024) Exploring the ethical implications in the telesurgery ERA. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol 50(3):375–377
Chan HY, Toh HJ, Lysaght T (2024) Cross-jurisdictional data transfer in health research: stakeholder perceptions on the role of law. Asian Bioeth Rev 16(4):663–682
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ansari RS, Alfakeer H, Arif F, Bashir MA, Zehra M, Rauf SA et al (2024) Exploring medical students’ perceptions of telehealth in Pakistan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Med Educ 24(1):1093
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar G, Shardha HK, Tariq W, Qazi MA, Kumar K, Maheshwari C, et al. Assessment of knowledge and attitude of healthcare professionals regarding the use of telemedicine: A cross-sectional study from rural areas of Sindh, Pakistan. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2022 Oct 26 [cited 2025 Sep 2];10. Available from: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/public-health/articles/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.967440/full
Biruk K, Abetu E (2018) Knowledge and attitude of health professionals toward telemedicine in resource-limited settings: a cross-sectional study in North West Ethiopia. J Healthc Eng 2018(1):2389268
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
World Bank Open Data [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 2]. World Bank Open Data. Available from: https://data.worldbank.org
Kamdar NV, Huverserian A, Jalilian L, Thi W, Duval V, Beck L et al (2020) Development, implementation, and evaluation of a telemedicine preoperative evaluation initiative at a major academic medical center. Anesth Analg 131(6):1647–1656
Mahdi SS, Allana R, Battineni G, Khalid T, Agha D, Khawaja M et al (2022) The promise of telemedicine in Pakistan: a systematic review. Health Sci Rep 5(1):e438
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Waschkau A, Flägel K, Goetz K, Steinhäuser J (2020) Evaluation of attitudes towards telemedicine as a basis for successful implementation: a cross-sectional survey among postgraduate trainees in family medicine in Germany. Z Evidenz Fortbild Qual Im Gesundheitswesen 156–157:75–81
Damico NJ, Deshane A, Kharouta M, Wu A, Wang GM, Machtay MX et al (2022) Telemedicine use and satisfaction among radiation oncologists during the COVID-19 pandemic: evaluation of current trends and future opportunities. Adv Radiat Oncol 7(2):100835
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
UNDP [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 2]. How telemedicine is helping in the fight against COVID-19 (and why it should be here to stay). Available from: https://www.undp.org/pakistan/blog/how-telemedicine-helping-fight-against-covid-19-and-why-it-should-be-here-stay
Syed F, Hassan M, Shehzad A, Koul SS, Arif MA, Dewey RS et al (2021) The establishment of a telemedicine center during the COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan. Clin EHealth 4:50–53
Sheikhtaheri A, Sarbaz M, Kimiafar K, Ghayour M, Rahmani S (2016) Awareness, attitude and readiness of clinical staff towards telemedicine: a study in Mashhad. Iran Stud Health Technol Inform 228:142–146
Fleming CA, Ali O, Clements JM, Hirniak J, King M, Mohan HM et al (2022) Surgical trainee experience and opinion of robotic surgery in surgical training and vision for the future: a snapshot study of pan-specialty surgical trainees. J Robot Surg 16(5):1073–1082
Greenberg AL, Syed SM, Alseidi A, O’Sullivan PS, Chern H (2023) Robotic training for medical students: feasibility of a pilot simulation curriculum. J Robot Surg 17(3):1029–1038
Diana M, Marescaux J (2015) Robotic surgery. Br J Surg 102(2):e15-28
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cazac C, Radu G (2014) Telesurgery—an efficient interdisciplinary approach used to improve the health care system. J Med Life 7(3):137–141
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Moorthy K, Munz Y, Sarker SK, Darzi A (2003) Objective assessment of technical skills in surgery. BMJ 327(7422):1032–1037
Comments (0)