Brodersen J, Schwartz LM, Heneghan C, O’Sullivan JW, Aronson JK, Woloshin S. Overdiagnosis: what it is and what it isn’t. BMJ Evid Based Med. 2018;23(1):1–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmed-2017-110886.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bulliard JL, Chiolero A. Screening and overdiagnosis: public health implications. Public Health Rev. 2015;36(1):8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40985-015-0012-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stiggelbout A, Copp T, Jacklyn G, et al. Women’s acceptance of overdetection in breast cancer screening: can we assess Harm-Benefit tradeoffs?? Med Decis Making. 2020;40(1):42–51. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272989X19886886.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hersch J, Barratt A, McGeechan K, et al. Informing women about overdetection in breast Cancer screening: Two-Year outcomes from a randomized trial. JNCI: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2021;113(11):1523–30. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djab083.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ahn HS, Kim HJ, Kim KH, et al. Thyroid Cancer screening in South Korea increases detection of papillary cancers with no impact on other subtypes or thyroid Cancer mortality. Thyroid. 2016;26(11):1535–40. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2016.0075.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pizzato M, Li M, Vignat J, et al. The epidemiological landscape of thyroid cancer worldwide: GLOBOCAN estimates for incidence and mortality rates in 2020. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2022;10(4):264–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00035-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shi LL, DeSantis C, Jemal A, Chen AY. Changes in thyroid cancer incidence, post-2009 American thyroid association guidelines. Laryngoscope. 2017;127(10):2437–41. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.26473.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Francis GL, Waguespack SG, Bauer AJ, et al. Management guidelines for children with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid Cancer. Thyroid. 2015;25(7):716–59. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2014.0460.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scholfield DW, Lopez J, Badillo ND, et al. Complications of thyroid Cancer surgery in pediatric patients at a tertiary Cancer center. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30(12):7781–8. https://doi.org/10.1245/s10434-023-14079-x.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vaccarella S, Lortet-Tieulent J, Colombet M, et al. Global patterns and trends in incidence and mortality of thyroid cancer in children and adolescents: a population-based study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2021;9(3):144–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30401-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moleti M, Aversa T, Crisafulli S, et al. Global incidence and prevalence of differentiated thyroid cancer in childhood: systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2023;14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2023.1270518.

Murakami M, Midorikawa S, Ohtsuru A. Harms of pediatric thyroid Cancer overdiagnosis. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(1):84. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2019.3051.

Article  Google Scholar 

Takano T. Natural history of thyroid cancer suggests beginning of the overdiagnosis of juvenile thyroid cancer in the united States. Cancer. 2019;125(22):4107–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32424.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimura H, Suzuki S, Yokoya S, et al. A comprehensive review of the progress and evaluation of the thyroid ultrasound examination program, the Fukushima health management survey. J Epidemiol. 2022;32(SupplementXII):JE20210271. https://doi.org/10.2188/jea.JE20210271.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ohtsuru A, Midorikawa S, Ohira T, et al. Incidence of thyroid Cancer among children and young adults in fukushima, japan, screened with 2 rounds of ultrasonography within 5 years of the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station accident. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2018.3121.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yamamoto H, Hayashi K, Scherb H. Association between the detection rate of thyroid cancer and the external radiation dose-rate after the nuclear power plant accidents in fukushima, Japan. Medicine. 2019;98(37):e17165. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017165.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kato T, Yamada K, Hongyo T. Area dose–Response and radiation origin of childhood thyroid Cancer in Fukushima based on thyroid dose in UNSCEAR 2020/2021: high 131I exposure comparable to Chernobyl. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(18):4583. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15184583.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sokawa Y. Radiation-Induced childhood thyroid Cancer after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2024;21(9):1162. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091162.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsuda T, Tokinobu A, Yamamoto E, Suzuki E. Thyroid Cancer detection by ultrasound among residents ages 18 years and younger in fukushima, Japan. Epidemiology. 2016;27(3):316–22. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000385.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Qian ZJ, Jin MC, Meister KD, Megwalu UC. Pediatric thyroid Cancer incidence and mortality trends in the united states, 1973–2013. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surg. 2019;145(7):617. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2019.0898.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bernier M, Withrow DR, Berrington de Gonzalez A, et al. Trends in pediatric thyroid cancer incidence in the united states, 1998-2013. Cancer. 2019;125(14):2497–505. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32125.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drozd V, Saenko V, Branovan DI, Brown K, Yamashita S, Reiners C. A search for causes of rising incidence of differentiated thyroid Cancer in children and adolescents after Chernobyl and fukushima: comparison of the clinical features and their relevance for treatment and prognosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(7):3444. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073444.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spinelli C, Ghionzoli M, Oreglio C, et al. Increased trend of thyroid cancer in childhood over the last 30 years in EU countries: a call for the pediatric surgeon. Eur J Pediatr. 2022;181(11):3907–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00431-022-04596-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Midorikawa S, Murakami M, Ohtsuru A. Harm of overdiagnosis or extremely early diagnosis behind trends in pediatric thyroid cancer. Cancer. 2019;125(22):4108–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32426.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bernier M, Kitahara CM, Shiels MS. Reply to natural history of thyroid cancer suggests beginning of the overdiagnosis of juvenile thyroid cancer in the united States and harm of overdiagnosis or extremely early diagnosis behind trends in pediatric thyroid cancer. Cancer. 2019;125(22):4109–10. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.32425.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Qian ZJ, Megwalu UC. Harms of pediatric thyroid Cancer Overdiagnosis—Reply. JAMA Otolaryngology–Head Neck Surg. 2020;146(1):84. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2019.3054.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paulson VA, Rudzinski ER, Hawkins DS. Thyroid Cancer in the pediatric population. Genes (Basel). 2019;10(9):723. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10090723.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hogan AR, Zhuge Y, Perez EA, Koniaris LG, Lew JI, Sola JE. Pediatric thyroid carcinoma: incidence and outcomes in 1753 patients. J Surg Res. 2009;156(1):167–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2009.03.098.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang B, Wu W, Shang X, Huang D, Liu M, Zong L. Incidence and prognosis of thyroid cancer in children: based on the SEER database. Pediatr Surg Int. 2022;38(3):445–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-022-05069-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Martucci C, Crocoli A, De Pasquale MD, et al. Thyroid cancer in children: A multicenter international study highlighting clinical features and surgical outcomes of primary and secondary tumors. Front Pediatr. 2022;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.914942.

Hay ID, Johnson TR, Kaggal S, et al. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in children and adults: comparison of initial presentation and Long-Term postoperative outcome in 4432 patients consecutively treated at the Mayo clinic during eight decades (1936–2015). World J Surg. 2018;42(2):329–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-017-4279-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cooper DS, Doherty GM, Haugen BR, et al. Management guidelines for patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines taskforce. Thyroid. 2006;16(2):109–42. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2006.16.109.