The Unique Ethnicity-Specific Aspects of Burden, Pathogenesis and Management of Prediabetes: Insights from Africa

Nathan DM, Balkau B, Bonora E, Borch-Johnsen K, Buse JB, Colagiuri S, et al. International expert committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2009;32:1327–34.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Fazli GS, Moineddin R, Bierman AS, Booth GL. Ethnic variation in the conversion of prediabetes to diabetes among immigrant populations relative to Canadian-born residents: A population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e000907.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rooney MR, Fang M, Ogurtsova K, Ozkan B, Echouffo-Tcheugui JB, Boyko EJ, et al. Global Prevalence of Prediabetes. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(7):1388–94.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hodel NC, Hamad A, Reither K, Mwangoka G, Kasella I, Praehauser C, et al. Assessment of diabetes and prediabetes prevalence and predictors by HbA1c in a population from sub-Saharan Africa with a high proportion of anemia: A prospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e000939.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care 2011;34(Supplement_1): S62-S69

World Health Organization, International Diabetes Federation. Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate hyperglycaemia : report of a WHO/IDF consultation. 46 p.

Bergman M, Manco M, Satman I, Chan J, Inês Schmidt M, Sesti G, et al. International Diabetes Federation Position Statement on the 1-hour post-load plasma glucose for the diagnosis of intermediate hyperglycaemia and type 2 diabetes. Vol. 209, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice. Elsevier Ireland Ltd; 2024.

Saeedi Pouya PISPMBKSUNCSGLMAAOKSEJBDWR. Global and Regional Diabetes Prevalence estimates for 2019 and projection for 2030 and 2045. International Diabetes Federation Atlas, 9th Edition. 2019;157–107843.

Defronzo RA. From the triumvirate to the ominous octet: A new paradigm for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In: Diabetes. 2009. p. 773–95.

Nwatu C, Young E. Prediabetes in sub-saharan Africa: Pathophysiology, predictors, and prevalence. Niger J Med. 2020;29(3):343.

Google Scholar 

Kodama K, Tojjar D, Yamada S, Toda K, Patel CJ, Butte AJ. Ethnic differences in the relationship between insulin sensitivity and insulin response: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetes Care. 2013;36(6):1789–96.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ladwa M, Hakim O, Amiel SA, Goff LM. A Systematic Review of Beta Cell Function in Adults of Black African Ethnicity. Journal of Diabetes Research. 2019;2019:1–17.

Google Scholar 

Goedecke JH, Olsson T. Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes risk in black Africans: a South African perspective. Journal of Internal Medicine. 2020;288:284–94.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esser N, Utzschneider KM, Kahn SE. Early beta cell dysfunction vs insulin hypersecretion as the primary event in the pathogenesis of dysglycaemia. Diabetologia. 2020;63:2007–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campbell MD, Sathish T, Zimmet PZ, Thankappan KR, Oldenburg B, Owens DR, et al. Benefit of lifestyle-based T2DM prevention is influenced by prediabetes phenotype. Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 2020;16:395–400.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thirunavukkarasu S, Taylor R, Khunti K, Tapp RJ, Raben A, Zhu R, et al. Low-calorie diets for people with isolated impaired fasting glucose. Communications Medicine. 2024;4(1)

Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, et al. Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: Implications for care. In: Diabetes Care. 2007; 753–759

Matsha TE, Pheiffer C, Humphries SE, Gamieldien J, Erasmus RT, Kengne AP. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation in Mixed Ancestry Individuals with Diabetes and Prediabetes from South Africa. Int J Endocrinol. 2016;2016:1–11.

Google Scholar 

PrayGod G, Filteau S, Range N, Kitilya B, Kavishe BB, Ramaiya K, et al. β-cell dysfunction and insulin resistance in relation to pre-diabetes and diabetes among adults in north-western Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. Tropical Med Int Health. 2021;26(4):435–43.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Sathish T, Khunti K, Narayan KMV, Mohan V, Davies MJ, Yates T, et al. Effect of Conventional Lifestyle Interventions on Type 2 Diabetes Incidence by Glucose-Defined Prediabetes Phenotype: An Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Diabetes Care. 2023;46(11):1903–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Taylor R. Type 2 diabetes: Etiology and reversibility. Diabetes Care. 2013;36:1047–55.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas 10th edition [Internet]. 2021. Available from: www.diabetesatlas.org

Herman WH, Ali MA, Aubert RE, Engelgau MM, Kenny SJ, Gunter EW, et al. Diabetes Mellitus in Egypt: Risk Factors and Prevalence. Diabet Med. 1995;12(12):1126–31.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elbagir MN, Eltom MA, Elmahadi EMA, Kadam IMS, Berne MPC. A Population-Based Study of the Prevalence of Diabetes and Impaired Glucose Tolerance in Adults in Northern Sudan. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(10):1126–8.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouguerra R, Alberti H, Salem LB, Rayana CB, Atti JE, Gaigi S, et al. The global diabetes pandemic: The Tunisian experience. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2007;61(2):160–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Issaka A, Stevenson C, Paradies Y, Houehanou YCN, Bosu WK, Kiwallo JB, et al. Association between urban-rural location and prevalence of type 2 diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in West Africa: a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological study. BMJ Open. 2023;13(9): e063318.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yanogo D, Ouédraogo DD. Prevalence and associated risk factors of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in urban population; A study from Burkina Faso [Internet]. 2014. Available from: http://www.journalofdiabetology.org/

Agbre-Yace ML, Oyenusi EE, Oduwole AO, Ake MD, Abodo JR. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus among children and adolescents in the district of Abidjan in Cote d’Ivoire: A population-based study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2016;15(1)

Nkum B, FMTCAONAO. High Glucose Abnormalities and Its Risk Factors in Adult Patients Attending Outpatient Clinics in Banjul, the Gambia. 2015;

Gbadamosi MA, Tlou B. Prevalence of abnormal glucose metabolism among adults attending an outpatient department at a tertiary referral hospital in Swaziland: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1)

Prakaschandra DR, Esterhuizen TM, Motala AA, Gathiram P, Naidoo DP. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Durban South African Indians: The Phoenix Lifestyle Project. S Afr Med J. 2016;106(3):284–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohamed SF, Mwangi M, Mutua MK, Kibachio J, Hussein A, Ndegwa Z, et al. Prevalence and factors associated with pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus in Kenya: Results from a national survey. BMC Public Health. 2018;7:18.

Google Scholar 

Kenya Bureau of Statistics. Kenya stepwise survey for non communicable diseases risk factors 2015 report. 2015;

Aramo C, Oyom AP, Okello E, Acam V, Okiria JC, Mwambi B, et al. Assessing the prevalence and risk factors of pre-diabetes among the community of Iganga municipality, Uganda: A cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1)

Ampeire IP, Kawugezi PC, Mulogo EM. Prevalence of prediabetes and associated factors among community members in rural Isingiro district. BMC Public Health. 2023;23(1).

Iabetes D, Revention P, Rogram P, Esearch R, Roup G. The New England Journal of Medicine reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin a bstract Background Type 2 diabetes affects approximate [Internet]. N Engl J Med. 2002; 346 Available from: www.nejm.org

Söderberg S, Zimmet P, Tuomilehto J, De Courten M, Dowse GK, Chitson P, et al. High incidence of type 2 diabetes and increasing conversion rates from impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes in Mauritius. J Intern Med. 2004;256(1):37–47.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fazli GS, Moineddin R, Bierman AS. Booth GL Ethnic variation in the conversion of prediabetes to diabetes among immigrant populations relative to Canadian-born residents: A population-based cohort study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):e000907.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nakanga WP, Crampin AC, Mkandawire J, Banda L, Andrews RC, Hattersley AT, et al. Waist circumference and glycaemia are strong predictors of progression to diabetes in individuals with prediabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: 4-year prospective cohort study in Malawi. PLOS Global Public Health. 2023;3(9):e0001263.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. Standards of Care in Diabetes-2023 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clinical Diabetes. 2022;41:4–31.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes: prevention in people at high risk [Internet]. 2012. Available from: www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph38

Ministry of Health. Republic of kenya national clinical guidelines for management of diabetes mellitus first edition [Internet]. 2010; Available from: www.pubhealth.go.ke

World Health Organization (WHO). Diagnosis and Management of Type 2 Diabetes. 2020;

Millard AV, Graham MA, Mier N, Moralez J, Perez-Patron M, Wickwire B, et al Diabetes screening and prevention in a high-risk, medically isolated border community. Front Public Health. 2017;5

Simmons RK, Griffin SJ, Witte DR, Borch-Johnsen K, Lauritzen T, Sandbæk A. Effect of population screening for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk factors on mortality rate and cardiovascular events: a controlled trial among 1,912,392 Danish adults. Diabetologia. 2017;60(11):2183–91.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gillies CL, Lambert PC, Abrams KR, Sutton AJ, Cooper NJ, Hsu RT, et al. Different strategies for screening and prevention of type 2 diabetes in adults: Cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ. 2008;336(7654):1180–4.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Montesi L, Caletti MT, Marchesini G. Diabetes in migrants and ethnic minorities in a changing World. World J Diabetes. 2016;7(3):34.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Timm L, Harcke K, Karlsson I, Sidney Annerstedt K, Alvesson HM, Stattin NS, et al. Early detection of type 2 diabetes in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas in Stockholm–comparing reach of community and facility-based screening. Glob Health Action. 2020;13(1)

Mayige M. Derivation and Validation of a Simple Risk Score for Undiagnosed Diabetes for Tanzania and Other African Populations. 2014;

Ekure E, Ovenseri-Ogbomo G, Osuagwu UL, Agho KE, Ekpenyong BN, Ogbuehi KC, et al. A systematic review of diabetes risk assessment tools in sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries. 2022;42(3):380–93.

Google Scholar 

Vineis P, Tripathy D, Prasad R, Wentzel A, Horlyck-Romanovsky MF, Karera DM, et al. Non-invasive type 2 diabetes risk scores do not identify diabetes when the cause is β-cell failure: The Africans in America study 2022;

Mugume IB, Wafula ST, Kadengye DT, Van Olmen J. Performance of a Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in detecting undiagnosed diabetes among Kenyans aged 18–69 years. PLoS One. 2023;18(4):e0276858.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mothiba T, Mphasha M, Molepo T, Bastiaens H, Wens J. Feasibility study on the use of the modified Finnish Diabetes Risk Score in South African context: a case of home-based carers. J Endocrinol Metab Diabetes S Afr. 2023;28(3):76–82.

Google Scholar 

Hill J, Peer N, Jonathan D, Mayige M, Sobngwi E, Kengne AP. Findings from community-based screenings for type 2 diabetes mellitus in at risk communities in Cape Town, South Africa: A pilot study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2876.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Effah Nyarko B, Amoah RS, Crimi A. Boosting diabetes and pre-diabetes screening in rural Ghana. F1000Res. 2019;8: 289

Lawal Y, Bello F, Kaoje YS. Prediabetes deserves more attention: A review Clinical Diabetes. American Diabetes Association Inc 2020; 38(4): 328–38.

Rahati S, Shahraki M, Arjomand G, Shahraki T. Food Pattern, Lifestyle and Diabetes Mellitus. Int J High Risk Behav Addict. 2014 Mar 10;3(1).

Belue R, Diaw M, Ndao F, Okoror T, Degboe A, Abiero B. A cultural lens to understanding daily experiences with type 2 diabetes self-management among clinic patients in m’bour, senegal. Int Q Community Health Educ. 2012;33(4):329–47.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brannick B, Dagogo-Jack S. Prediabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: Pathophysiology and Interventions for Prevention and Risk Reduction. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2018;47:33–50.

PubMed  PubMed Central 

Comments (0)

No login
gif