Clarke IJ. Hypothalamus as an endocrine organ. Comprehensive Physiology: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.; 2011.
Sapede D, Cau E. The pineal gland from development to function. Curr Top Dev Biol. 2013;106:171–215. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00005-5.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yen PM. Physiological and molecular basis of thyroid hormone action. Physiol Rev. 2001;81(3):1097. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.2001.81.3.1097.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Valente R, Coppola A, Scandavini CM, Halimi A, Magnusson A, Lauro A, et al. Interactions between the exocrine and the endocrine pancreas. J Clin Med. 2024;13(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13041179.
Nussey S, Whitehead S, Endocrinology. An Integrated Approach. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers; 2001. Chapter 4, The adrenal gland. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26/. 2001.
Rhyu J, Yu R. Newly discovered endocrine functions of the liver. World J Hepatol. 2021;13(11):1611–28. https://doi.org/10.4254/wjh.v13.i11.1611.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Coelho M, Oliveira T, Fernandes R. Biochemistry of adipose tissue: an endocrine organ. Archives Med Science: AMS. 2013;9(2):191–200. https://doi.org/10.5114/aoms.2013.33181.
Article CAS PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhao Z, Sakata I, Okubo Y, Koike K, Kangawa K, Sakai T. Gastric leptin, but not estrogen and somatostatin, contributes to the elevation of ghrelin mRNA expression level in fasted rats. J Endocrinol. 2008;196(3):529–38. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe-07-0300.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Varlinskaya EI, Vetter-O’Hagen CS, Spear LP. Puberty and gonadal hormones: role in adolescent-typical behavioral alterations. Horm Behav. 2013;64(2):343–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.11.012.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vázquez-Borrego MC, Gahete MD, Martínez-Fuentes AJ, Fuentes-Fayos AC, Castaño JP, Kineman RD, et al. Multiple signaling pathways convey central and peripheral signals to regulate pituitary function: lessons from human and non-human primate models. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;463:4–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2017.12.007.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lechan RM, Toni R. Functional anatomy of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary. In: De Groot LJ, Chrousos G, Dungan K, Feingold KR, Grossman A, Hershman JM, et al. editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth. MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
Sam S, Frohman LA. Normal Physiology of Hypothalamic Pituitary Regulation. Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America. 2008; 37(1):1–22; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecl.2007.10.007
Millington GWM. Proopiomelanocortin (POMC): the cutaneous roles of its melanocortin products and receptors. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2006;31(3):407–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2230.2006.02128.x.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Haedo MR, Gerez J, Fuertes M, Giacomini D, Paez-Pereda M, Labeur M, et al. Regulation of pituitary function by cytokines. Horm Res. 2009;72(5):266–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000245928.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Musumeci G, Castorina S, Castrogiovanni P, Loreto C, Leonardi R, Aiello FC, et al. A journey through the pituitary gland: development, structure and function, with emphasis on embryo-foetal and later development. Acta Histochem. 2015;117(4–5):355–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acthis.2015.02.008.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hong GK, Payne SC, Jane JA. Jr. Anatomy, physiology, and Laboratory evaluation of the Pituitary Gland. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2016;49(1):21–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2015.09.002.
Jin JM, Yang WX. Molecular regulation of hypothalamus-pituitary-gonads axis in males. Gene. 2014;551(1):15–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.048.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Plant TM. The hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. J Endocrinol. 2015;226(2):T41–54. https://doi.org/10.1530/joe-15-0113.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shen MM, Abate-Shen C. Molecular genetics of prostate cancer: new prospects for old challenges. Genes Dev. 2010;24(18):1967–2000. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.196581024/18/1967. [pii].
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar VL, Majumder PK. Prostate gland: structure, functions and regulation. Int Urol Nephrol. 1995;27(3):231–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02564756.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Marker PC, Donjacour AA, Dahiya R, Cunha GR. Hormonal, cellular, and molecular control of prostatic development. Dev Biol. 2003;253(2):165–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0012-1606(02)00031-3.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ekman P. The prostate as an endocrine organ: androgens and estrogens. Prostate Supplement. 2000;10:14–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0045(2000)45:10+%3C14::AID-PROS4%3E3.0.CO;2-7.
Esfahani A, Kendall CW, Bashyam B, Archer MC, Jenkins DJ. The effect of physiological concentrations of sex hormones, insulin, and glucagon on growth of breast and prostate cells supplemented with unmodified human serum. vitro Cell Dev Biology Anim. 2010;46(10):856–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11626-010-9351-x.
Bosland MC, Mahmoud AM. Hormones and prostate carcinogenesis: androgens and estrogens. J Carcinog. 2011;10:33. https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.90678.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watson PA, Arora VK, Sawyers CL. Emerging mechanisms of resistance to androgen receptor inhibitors in prostate cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2015;15(12):701–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc4016.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Turcu A, Smith JM, Auchus R, Rainey WE. Adrenal androgens and androgen precursors-definition, synthesis, regulation and physiologic actions. Compr Physiol. 2014;4(4):1369–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c140006.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Winters SJ. Laboratory Assessment of testicular function. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Blackman MR, Boyce A, Chrousos G, Corpas E, et al. editors. Endotext. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc. Copyright © 2000–2024. MDText.com, Inc.; 2000.
Kershaw EE, Flier JS. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. J Clin Endocrinol Metabolism. 2004;89(6):2548–56. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-0395.
Hess RA. Estrogen in the adult male reproductive tract: a review. Reproductive Biology Endocrinol. 2003;1:52. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-1-52.
Lonergan PE, Tindall DJ. Androgen receptor signaling in prostate cancer development and progression. J Carcinog. 2011;10:20. https://doi.org/10.4103/1477-3163.83937.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhao B, Choi J, Jaehne M, Gao YR, Desai R, Tuckermann J, et al. Glucocorticoid receptor in prostate epithelia is not required for corticosteroid-induced epithelial hyperproliferation in the mouse prostate. Prostate. 2014;74(10):1068–78. https://doi.org/10.1002/pros.22825.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Walker WH, Cooke PS. Functions of Steroid hormones in the male Reproductive Tract as revealed by mouse models. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032748.
Claessens F, Joniau S, Helsen C. Comparing the rules of engagement of androgen and glucocorticoid receptors. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017;74(12):2217–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-017-2467-3.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brown TR, Lubahn DB, Wilson EM, Joseph DR, French FS, Migeon CJ. Deletion of the steroid-binding domain of the human androgen receptor gene in one family with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: evidence for further genetic heterogeneity in this syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1988;85(21):8151–5. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.21.8151.
Comments (0)