Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: update From the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(25):2982–3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

The Writing Committee of the Report on Cardiovascular Health Diseases in China. Interpretation of report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2022. Chin J Cardiovasc Med 2023;21(7):577–600. https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1672-5301.2023.07.001

Bhatnagar A. Environmental determinants of cardiovascular disease. Circ Res. 2017;121(2):162–80. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.117.306458.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maas J, Verheij RA, Groenewegen PP, de Vries S, Spreeuwenberg P. Green space, urbanity, and health: how strong is the relation? J Epidemiol Community Health. 2006;60(7):587–92. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2005.043125.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mitchell R, Popham F. Greenspace, urbanity and health: relationships in England. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2007;61(8):681–3. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.053553.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Twohig-Bennett C, Jones A. The health benefits of the great outdoors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of greenspace exposure and health outcomes. Environ Res. 2018;166:628–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.06.030.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bianconi A, Longo G, Coa AA, Fiore M, Gori D. Impacts of urban green on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023;20(11):5966. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20115966.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Leyao J, Rulin MA, Shuxia GUO, et al. Association of exposure to residential green space and cardiovascular disease incidence among rural adult residents in Xinjiang: a prospective cohort study. Zgggws. 2023;39(8):996–1000. https://doi.org/10.11847/zgggws1140993.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gascon M, Triguero-Mas M, Martínez D, et al. Residential green spaces and mortality: a systematic review. Environ Int. 2016;86:60–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2015.10.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu XX, Ma XL, Huang WZ, et al. Green space and cardiovascular disease: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Environ Pollut. 2022;301:118990. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118990.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Zhao B, Cheng Y, et al. Does the quality of street greenspace matter? Examining the associations between multiple greenspace exposures and chronic health conditions of urban residents in a rapidly urbanising Chinese city. Environ Res. 2023;222:115344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115344.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Astell-Burt T, Feng X. Urban green space, tree canopy and prevention of cardiometabolic diseases: a multilevel longitudinal study of 46 786 Australians. Int J Epidemiol. 2020;49(3):926–33. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz239.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bauwelinck M, Zijlema WL, Bartoll X, et al. Residential urban greenspace and hypertension: a comparative study in two European cities. Environ Res. 2020;191:110032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110032.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tamosiunas A, Grazuleviciene R, Luksiene D, et al. Accessibility and use of urban green spaces, and cardiovascular health: findings from a Kaunas cohort study. Environ Health. 2014;13(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-13-20.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou Y, von Lengerke T, Dreier M. Comparing different data sources by examining the associations between surrounding greenspace and children’s weight status. Int J Health Geogr. 2021;20(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12942-021-00278-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Derose KP, Han B, Williamson S, Cohen DA. Gender disparities in park use and physical activity among residents of high-poverty neighborhoods in Los Angeles. Womens Health Issues. 2018;28(1):6–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.whi.2017.11.003.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carlos HA, Shi X, Sargent J, Tanski S, Berke EM. Density estimation and adaptive bandwidths: a primer for public health practitioners. Int J Health Geogr. 2010;9:39. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-072X-9-39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang R, Feng Z, Pearce J, Liu Y, Dong G. Are greenspace quantity and quality associated with mental health through different mechanisms in Guangzhou, China: a comparison study using street view data. Environ Pollut. 2021;290:117976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117976.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang R, Feng Z, Pearce J, Zhou S, Zhang L, Liu Y. Dynamic greenspace exposure and residents’ mental health in Guangzhou, China: from over-head to eye-level perspective, from quantity to quality. Landsc Urban Plan. 2021;215:104230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104230.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen LC, Zhu Y, Papandreou G, Schroff F, Adam H. Encoder-decoder with atrous separable convolution for semantic image segmentation. In: Ferrari V, Hebert M, Sminchisescu C, Weiss Y, editors. Computer Vision – ECCV 2018. Springer International Publishing. 2018:833–851. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01234-2_49

Cordts M, Omran M, Ramos S, et al. The cityscapes dataset for semantic urban scene understanding. Published online April 7, 2016. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1604.01685

Yang J, Dong J, Xiao X, et al. Divergent shifts in peak photosynthesis timing of temperate and alpine grasslands in China. Remote Sens Environ. 2019;233:111395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111395.

Article  Google Scholar 

Sims K, Reith A, Bright E, et al. LandScan Global 2022. Published online 2023. https://doi.org/10.48690/1529167

Zhao N, Liu Y, Cao G, Samson EL, Zhang J. Forecasting China’s GDP at the pixel level using nighttime lights time series and population images. GIScience & Remote Sensing. 2017;54(3):407–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2016.1276705.

Article  Google Scholar 

Peng S. High-spatial-resolution monthly precipitation dataset over China during 1901–2017. Published online May 22, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3114194

Peng S. High-spatial-resolution monthly temperatures dataset over China during 1901–2017. Earth Syst Sci Data. 2019;11(4):1931–46. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3185722.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lu B, Hu Y, Murakami D, et al. High-performance solutions of geographically weighted regression in R. Geo-spatial Inf Sci. 2022;25(4):536–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/10095020.2022.2064244.

Article  Google Scholar 

Yuan Y, Huang F, Lin F, Zhu P, Zhu P. Green space exposure on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2021;33(7):1783–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01710-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brindley P, Cameron RW, Ersoy E, Jorgensen A, Maheswaran R. Is more always better? Exploring field survey and social media indicators of quality of urban greenspace, in relation to health. Urban For Urban Green. 2019;39:45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2019.01.015.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Zhang C, Li W, Kuzovkina YA. Environmental inequities in terms of different types of urban greenery in Hartford Connecticut. Urban For Urban Green. 2016;18:163–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2016.06.002.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Zhang C, Li W, Kuzovkina YA, Weiner D. Who lives in greener neighborhoods? The distribution of street greenery and its association with residents’ socioeconomic conditions in Hartford, Connecticut, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening. 2015;14(4):751–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2015.07.006.

Article  Google Scholar 

Helbich M, Yao Y, Liu Y, Zhang J, Liu P, Wang R. Using deep learning to examine street view green and blue spaces and their associations with geriatric depression in Beijing. China Environ Int. 2019;126:107–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.02.013.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ye Y, Richards D, Lu Y, et al. Measuring daily accessed street greenery: a human-scale approach for informing better urban planning practices. Landsc Urban Plan. 2019;191:103434. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.08.028.

Article  Google Scholar 

Wolch JR, Byrne J, Newell JP. Urban green space, public health, and environmental justice: the challenge of making cities ‘just green enough.’ Landsc Urban Plan. 2014;125:234–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.01.017.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Wang YC. Spatial–temporal dynamics of urban green space in response to rapid urbanization and greening policies. Landsc Urban Plan. 2011;