Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2018;68:394–442.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kassis ES, Kosinski AS, Ross P Jr, Koppes KE, Donahue JM, Daniel VC. Predictors of anastomotic leak after esophagectomy: an analysis of the society of thoracic surgeons general thoracic database. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:1919–26.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Faiz Z, Lemmens VE, Siersema PD, Nieuwenhuijzen GA, Wouters MW, Rozema T, et al. Increased resection rates and survival among patients aged 75 years and older with esophageal cancer: a Dutch nationwide population-based study. World J Surg. 2012;36:2872–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ruol A, Castoro C, Portale G, Cavallin F, Sileni VC, Cagol M, et al. Trends in management and prognosis for esophageal cancer surgery: twenty-five years of experience at a single institution. Arch Surg. 2009;144:247–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terayama M, Okamura A, Kuriyama K, Takahashi N, Tamura M, Kanamori J, et al. Minimally invasive esophagectomy provides better short- and long-term outcomes than open esophagectomy in locally advanced esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2024;31:5748–56.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sugita Y, Nakamura T, Sawada R, Takiguchi G, Urakawa N, Hasegawa H, et al. Safety and feasibility of minimally invasive esophagectomy for elderly esophageal cancer patients. Dis Esophagus. 2021;34:doaa083.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schweigert M, Solymosi N, Dubecz A, Stadlhuber RJ, Ofner D, Stein HJ. Current outcome of esophagectomy in the very elderly: experience of a German high-volume center. Am Surg. 2013;79:754–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hasegawa H, Takahashi A, Kakeji Y, Ueno H, Eguchi S, Endo I, et al. Surgical outcomes of gastroenterological surgery in Japan: report of the National Clinical Database 2011–2017. Ann Gastroenterol Surg. 2019;3:426–50.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morita M, Egashira A, Yoshida R, Ikeda K, Ohgaki K, Shibahara K, et al. Esophagectomy in patients 80 years of age and older with carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43:345–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Motoori M, Ito Y, Miyashiro I, Sugimura K, Miyata H, Omori T, et al. Impact of age on long-term survival in patients with esophageal cancer who underwent transthoracic esophagectomy. Oncology. 2019;97:149–54.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Norman K, Haß U, Pirlich M. Malnutrition in older adults-recent advances and remaining challenges. Nutrients. 2021;13:2764.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fan Y, Yuan JM, Wang R, Gao YT, Yu MC. Alcohol, tobacco, and diet in relation to esophageal cancer: the Shanghai cohort study. Nutr Cancer. 2008;60:354–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burns DM. Cigarette smoking among the elderly: disease consequences and the benefits of cessation. Am J Health Promot. 2000;14:357–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oshikiri T, Nakamura T, Miura Y, Yamamoto M, Kanaji S, Yamashita K, et al. A new method (the “Pincers maneuver”) for lymphadenectomy along the right recurrent laryngeal nerve during thoracoscopic esophagectomy in the prone position for esophageal cancer. Surg Endosc. 2017;31:1496–504.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oshikiri T, Takiguchi G, Urakawa N, Hasegawa H, Yamamoto M, Kanaji S, et al. Novel “modified bascule method” for lymphadenectomy along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve during robot-assisted minimally invasive esophagectomy. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28:4918–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oshikiri T, Yasuda T, Kawasaki K, Harada H, Oyama M, Hasegawa H, et al. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is associated with less-restrictive ventilatory impairment and less risk for pulmonary complication than open laparotomy in thoracoscopic esophagectomy. Surgery. 2016;159:459–66.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rice TW, Ishwaran H, Ferguson MK, Blackstone EH, Goldstraw P. Cancer of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction: an eighth edition staging primer. J Thorac Oncol. 2017;12:36–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ando N, Kato H, Igaki H, Shinoda M, Ozawa S, Shimizu H, et al. A randomized trial comparing postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil versus preoperative chemotherapy for localized advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus (JCOG9907). Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19:68–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kato K, Ito Y, Daiko H, Ozawa S, Ogata T, Hara H, et al. A randomized controlled phase III trial comparing two chemotherapy regimen and chemoradiotherapy regimen as neoadjuvant treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer, JCOG1109 NExT study. J Clin Oncol. 2022;40:238.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kitagawa Y, Ishihara R, Ishikawa H, Ito Y, Oyama T, Oyama T, et al. Esophageal cancer practice guidelines 2022 edited by the Japan esophageal society: part 1. Esophagus. 2023;18:1–18.

Google Scholar 

Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis. 1987;40:373–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bouillanne O, Morineau G, Dupont C, Coulombel I, Vincent JP, Nicolis L, et al. Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index: a new index for evaluating at-risk elderly medical patients. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82:777–83.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nash SH, Liao LM, Harris TB, Freedman ND. Cigarette smoking and mortality in adults aged 70 years and older: results from the NIH-AARP Cohort. Am J Prev Med. 2017;52:276–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bédard A, Valji RH, Jogiat U, Verhoeff K, Turner SR, Karmali S, et al. Smoking status predicts anastomotic leak after esophagectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Endosc. 2024;38:4152–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goto H, Oshikiri T, Kato T, Sawada R, Harada H, Urakawa N, et al. The influence of preoperative smoking status on postoperative complications and long-term outcome following thoracoscopic esophagectomy in prone position for esophageal carcinoma. Ann Surg Oncol. 2023;30:2202–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kamarajah SK, Madhavan A, Chmelo J, Navidi M, Wahed S, Immanuel A, et al. Impact of smoking status on perioperative morbidity, mortality, and long-term survival following transthoracic esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2021;28:4905–15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sundelöf M, Lagergren J, Ye W. Patient demographics and lifestyle factors influencing long-term survival of oesophageal cancer and gastric cardia cancer in a nationwide study in Sweden. Eur J Cancer. 2008;44:1566–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baskaran V, Murray RL, Hunter A, Lim WS, McKeever TM. Effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of developing community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2019;14: e0220204.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Croizet A, Perriot J, Merson F, Aublet-Cuvelier B. Smoking cessation in older smokers. A retrospective study in 181 older smokers managed in a smoking cessation clinic. Rev Mal Respir. 2016;33:241–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shigaki H, Imamura Y, Mine S, Okamura A, Kurogochi T, Yamashita K, et al. Clinicopathological features of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in never smoker-never drinkers. Dis Esophagus. 2017;30:1–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Okawa Y, Sasagawa S, Kato H, Johnson TA, Nagaoka K, Kobayashi Y, et al. Immuno-genomic analysis reveals eosinophilic feature and favorable prognosis of female non-smoking esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Lett. 2024;581: 216499.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamana I, Takeno S, Shibata R, Shiwaku H, Maki K, Hashimoto T, et al. Is the geriatric nutritional risk index a significant predictor of postoperative complications in patients with esophageal cancer undergoing esophagectomy? Eur Surg Res. 2015;55:35–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kubo N, Sakurai K, Tamura T, Toyokawa T, Tanaka H, Muguruma K, et al. The impact of geriatric nutritional risk index on surgical outcomes after esophagectomy in patients with esophageal cancer. Esophagus. 2019;16:147–54.

Article  PubMed