Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Albain KS, Swann RS, Rusch VW, Turrisi AT, Shepherd FA, Smith C, et al. Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with or without surgical resection for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374(9687):379–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pless M, Stupp R, Ris HB, Stahel RA, Weder W, Thierstein S, et al. Induction chemoradiation in stage IIIA/N2 non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase 3 randomised trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9998):1049–563.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katakami N, Tada H, Mitsudomi T, Kudoh S, Senba H, Matsui K, et al. A phase 3 study of induction treatment with concurrent chemoradiotherapy versus chemotherapy before surgery in patients with pathologically confirmed N2 stage IIIA nonsmall cell lung cancer (WJTOG9903). Cancer. 2012;118(24):6126–35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Taniguchi Y, Okamoto H, Shimokawa T, Sasaki T, Seto T, Niho S, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin + S-1 versus cisplatin + other third-generation agents for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of individual participant data. BMC Pulm Med. 2022;22(1):31.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sasaki T, Seto T, Yamanaka T, Kunitake N, Shimizu J, Kodaira T, et al. A randomised phase II trial of S-1 plus cisplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy for unresectable, locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: WJOG5008L. Br J Cancer. 2018;119(6):675–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Niho S, Yoshida T, Akimoto T, Sakamaki K, Ono A, Seto T, et al. Randomized phase II study of chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin + S-1 versus cisplatin + pemetrexed for locally advanced non-squamous non-small cell lung cancer: SPECTRA study. Lung Cancer. 2020;141:64–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shimokawa T, Yamada K, Tanaka H, Kubota K, Takiguchi Y, Kishi K, et al. Randomized phase II trial of S-1 plus cisplatin or docetaxel plus cisplatin with concurrent thoracic radiotherapy for inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Med. 2021;10(2):626–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byfield JE, Calabro-Jones P, Klisak I, Kulhanian F. Pharmacologic requirements for obtaining sensitization of human tumor cells in vitro to combined 5-Fluorouracil or ftorafur and X rays. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 1982;8(11):1923–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakata E, Fukushima M, Takai Y, Nemoto K, Ogawa Y, Nomiya T, et al. S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine, enhances radiation response of DLD-1/FU human colon cancer xenografts resistant to 5-FU. Oncol Rep. 2006;16(3):465–71.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ichinose Y, Fukuyama Y, Asoh H, Ushijima C, Okamoto T, Ikeda J, et al. S-1 plus cisplatin with concurrent radiotherapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a multi-institutional phase II trial (West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group 3706). J Thorac Oncol. 2011;6(12):2069–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takamochi K, Tsuboi M, Okada M, Niho S, Ishikura S, Oyamada S, et al. S-1 + Cisplatin with concurrent radiotherapy followed by surgery for stage IIIA (N2) lung squamous cell carcinoma: results of a phase II trial. Ann Surg Oncol. 2022;29(13):8198–206.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Goldstraw P, Chansky K, Crowley J, Rami-Porta R, Asamura H, Eberhardt WE, et al. The IASLC lung cancer staging project: proposals for revision of the TNM stage groupings in the forthcoming (Eighth) edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11:39–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fowler WC, Langer CJ, Curran WJ, Keller SM. Postoperative complications after combined neoadjuvant treatment of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1993;55(4):986–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eisenhauer EA, Therasse P, Bogaerts J, Schwartz LH, Sargent D, Ford R, et al. New response evaluation criteria in solid tumours: revised RECIST guideline (version 11). Eur J Cancer. 2009;45:228–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 5.0 . Bethesda: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. 2023.

Lim E, Batchelor TJP, Dunning J, et al. Video-assisted thoracoscopic or open lobectomy in early-stage lung cancer. NEJM Evid. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1056/EVIDoa2100016.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanda Y. Investigation of the freely available easy-to-use software “EZR” for medical statistics. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2013;48:452–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yamaguchi M, Toyokawa G, Ohba T, Sasaki T, Kometani T, Hamatake M, et al. Preoperative concurrent chemoradiotherapy of S-1/cisplatin for stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96(5):1783–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsuchiya T, Matsumoto K, Miyazaki T, Yamaguchi H, Yamazaki T, Sano I, et al. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy using cisplatin and S-1, followed by surgery for stage II/IIIA non-small cell lung cancer. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;67(6):537–43.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thomas M, Rübe C, Hoffknecht P, Macha HN, Freitag L, Linder A, et al. Effect of preoperative chemoradiation in addition to preoperative chemotherapy: a randomised trial in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2008;9(7):636–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Girard N, Mornex F, Douillard JY, Bossard N, Quoix E, Beckendorf V, et al. Is neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy a feasible strategy for stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer? Mature results of the randomized IFCT-0101 phase II trial. Lung Cancer. 2010;69(1):86–93.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shien K, Toyooka S, Kiura K, Matsuo K, Soh J, Yamane M, et al. Induction chemoradiotherapy followed by surgical resection for clinical T3 or T4 locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2012;19(8):2685–92.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Darling GE, Li F, Patsios D, Massey C, Wallis AG, Coate L, et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiation and surgery improves survival outcomes compared with definitive chemoradiation in the treatment of stage IIIA N2 non-small-cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2015;48(5):684–90.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosner S, Liu C, Forde PM, Hu C. Association of pathologic complete response and long-term survival outcomes among patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy for NSCLC: A meta-analysis. JTO Clin Res Rep. 2022;3(9): 100384.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kayawake H, Okumura N, Yamanashi K, Takahashi A, Itasaka S, Yoshioka H, et al. Non-small cell lung cancer with pathological complete response: predictive factors and surgical outcomes. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019;67(9):773–81.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Robnett TJ, Machtay M, Stevenson JP, Algazy KM, Hahn SM. Factors affecting the risk of brain metastases after definitive chemoradiation for locally advanced non-small-cell lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19(5):1344–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mouillet G, Monnet E, Milleron B, Puyraveau M, Quoix E, David P, et al. Pathologic complete response to preoperative chemotherapy predicts cure in early-stage non-small-cell lung cancer: combined analysis of two IFCT randomized trials. J Thorac Oncol. 2012;7(5):841–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gan Y, Liu Z, Tang Z, Yao X, Zeng B, Zhu H. Efficacy of neoadjuvant therapy for lung squamous cell carcinoma and lung adenocarcinoma: A retrospective comparative study. Oncol Lett. 2023;26(6):546.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ding X, Dai H, Hui Z, Ji W, Liang J, Lv J, et al. Risk factors of brain metastases in completely resected pathological stage IIIA-N2 non-small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol. 2012;7:119.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pöttgen C, Eberhardt W, Grannass A, Korfee S, Stüben G, Teschler H, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation in operable stage IIIA non small-cell lung cancer treated with neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy: results from a German multicenter randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(31):4987–92.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamon HJ, Yeap BY, Jänne PA, Reblando J, Shrager S, Jaklitsch MT, et al. High risk of brain metastases in surgically staged IIIA non-small-cell lung cancer patients treated with surgery, chemotherapy