Elsakka AMA, Bary MA, Abdelzaher E, Elnaggar M, Kalamian M, Mukherjee P, Seyfried TN (2018) Management of glioblastoma multiforme in a patient treated with ketogenic metabolic therapy and modified standard of care: a 24-month follow-up. Front Nutr 29(5):20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00020

Article  Google Scholar 

Mukherjee P, Augur ZM, Li M, Hill C, Greenwood B, Domin MA, Kondakci G, Narain NR, Kiebish MA, Bronson RT, Arismendi-Morillo G, Chinopoulos C, Seyfried TN (2019) Therapeutic benefit of combining calorie-restricted ketogenic diet and glutamine targeting in late-stage experimental glioblastoma. Commun Biol 29(2):200. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-019-0455-x

Article  Google Scholar 

Maeyama M, Tanaka K, Nishihara M, Irino Y, Shinohara M, Nagashima H, Tanaka H, Nakamizo S, Hashiguchi M, Fujita Y, Kohta M, Kohmura E, Sasayama T (2021) Metabolic changes and anti-tumor effects of a ketogenic diet combined with anti-angiogenic therapy in a glioblastoma mouse model. Sci Rep 11(1):79

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Maurer GD, Brucker DP, Bähr O, Harter PN, Hattingen E, Walenta S, Mueller-Klieser W, Steinbach JP, Rieger J (2011) Differential utilization of ketone bodies by neurons and glioma cell lines: a rationale for ketogenic diet as experimental glioma therapy. BMC Cancer 26(11):315. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2407-11-315

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ciusani E, Vasco C, Rizzo A, Girgenti V, Padelli F, Pellegatta S, Fariselli L, Bruzzone MG, Salmaggi A (2021) MR-spectroscopy and survival in mice with high grade glioma undergoing unrestricted ketogenic diet. Nutr Cancer 73(11–12):2315–2322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2020.1822423

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jaraíz-Rodríguez M, Del Prado L, Balsa E (2023) Metabolic remodeling in astrocytes: paving the path to brain tumor development. Neurobiol Dis 188:106327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106327

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thevenet J, De Marchi U, Domingo JS, Christinat N, Bultot L, Lefebvre G, Sakamoto K, Descombes P, Masoodi M, Wiederkehr A (2016) Medium-chain fatty acids inhibit mitochondrial metabolism in astrocytes promoting astrocyte-neuron lactate and ketone body shuttle systems. FASEB J 30:1913–1926. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201500182

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beard E, Lengacher S, Dias S, Magistretti PJ, Finsterwald C (2022) Astrocytes as key regulators of brain energy metabolism: new therapeutic perspectives. Front Physiol 11(12):825816. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.825816

Article  Google Scholar 

Camberos-Luna L, Geronimo-Olvera C, Montiel T, Rincon-Heredia R, Massieu L (2016) The ketone body, beta-hydroxybutyrate stimulates the autophagic flux and prevents neuronal death induced by glucose deprivation in cortical cultured neurons. Neurochem Res 41(3):600–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-015-1700-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jin LW, Di Lucente J, Ruiz Mendiola U, Suthprasertporn N, Tomilov A, Cortopassi G, Kim K, Ramsey JJ, Maezawa I (2023) The ketone body β-hydroxybutyrate shifts microglial metabolism and suppresses amyloid-β oligomer-induced inflammation in human microglia. FASEB J 37(11):e23261. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202301254R

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giuliani G, Longo VD (2024) Ketone bodies in cell physiology and cancer. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 326(3):C948–C963. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00441.2023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thau-Zuchman O, Svendsen L, Dyall SC, Paredes-Esquivel U, Rhodes M, Priestley JV, Feichtinger RG, Kofler B, Lotstra S, Hageman VJM, RJ, Broersen LM, van Wijk N, Silva JP, Tremoleda JL, Michael-Titus AT. (2021) A new ketogenic formulation improves functional outcome and reduces tissue loss following traumatic brain injury in adult mice. Theranostics 11(1):346–360. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.48995

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cornuti S, Chen S, Lupori L, Finamore F, Carli F, Samad M, Fenizia S, Caldarelli M, Damiani F, Raimondi F, Mazziotti R, Magnan C, Rocchiccioli S, Gastaldelli A, Baldi P, Tognini P (2023) Brain histone beta-hydroxybutyrylation couples metabolism with gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 80(1):28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-022-04673-9

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Polito R, La Torre ME, Moscatelli F, Cibelli G, Valenzano A, Panaro MA, Monda M, Messina A, Monda V, Pisanelli D, Sessa F, Messina G, Porro C (2023) The ketogenic diet and neuroinflammation: the action of beta-hydroxybutyrate in a microglial cell line. Int J Mol Sci 24(4):3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24043102

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hambardzumyan D, Gutmann DH, Kettenmann H (2016) The role of microglia and macrophages in glioma maintenance and progression. Nat Neurosci 19(1):20–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4185

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kennedy AR, Pissios P, Otu H, Roberson R, Xue B, Asakura K, Furukawa N, Marino FE, Liu FF, Kahn BB, Libermann TA, Maratos-Flier E (2007) A high-fat, ketogenic diet induces a unique metabolic state in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 6:E1724–E1739. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00717.2006

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Achanta LB, Rae CD (2017) β-Hydroxybutyrate in the brain: one molecule multiple mechanisms. Neurochem Res 42(1):35–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-016-2099-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perelroizen R, Philosof B, Budick-Harmelin N, Chernobylsky T, Ron A, Katzir R, Shimon D, Tessler A, Adir O, Gaoni-Yogev A, Meyer T, Krivitsky A, Shidlovsky N, Madi A, Ruppin E, Mayo L (2022) Astrocyte immunometabolic regulation of the tumour microenvironment drives glioblastoma pathogenicity. Brain 145(9):3288–3307. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac222

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pajarillo E, Rizor A, Lee J, Aschner M, Lee E (2019) The role of astrocytic glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST in neurological disorders: potential targets for neurotherapeutics. Neuropharmacology 161:107559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2019.03.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun D, Tan ZB, Sun XD, Liu ZP, Chen WB, Milibari L, Ren X, Yao LL, Lee D, Shen C, Pan JX, Huang ZH, Mei L, Xiong WC (2021) Hippocampal astrocytic neogenin regulating glutamate uptake, a critical pathway for preventing epileptic response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 118(16):e2022921118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2022921118

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andersen JV, Schousboe A, Verkhratsky A (2022) Astrocyte energy and neurotransmitter metabolism in Alzheimer’s disease: integration of the glutamate/GABA-glutamine cycle. Prog Neurobiol 217:102331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102331. (Epub 2022 Jul 21)

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wolf A, Agnihotri S, Guha A (2010) Targeting metabolic remodeling in glioblastoma multiforme. Oncotarget 1(7):552–562. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.190.Erratum.In:Oncotarget. 5;9(78):34855. doi:10.18632/oncotarget.26219

Martin-McGill KJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C, Jenkinson MD (2017) Ketogenic diets as an adjuvant therapy in glioblastoma (the KEATING trial): study protocol for a randomised pilot study. Pilot Feasibility Stud 28(3):67. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-017-0209-9

Article  Google Scholar 

Martin-McGill KJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C, Jenkinson MD (2018) The modified ketogenic diet in adults with glioblastoma: an evaluation of feasibility and deliverability within the national health service. Nutr Cancer 70(4):643–649. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2018.1460677

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van der Louw EJTM, Olieman JF, van den Bemt PMLA, Bromberg JEC, Oomen-de Hoop E, Neuteboom RF, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, Vincent AJPE (2019) Ketogenic diet treatment as adjuvant to standard treatment of glioblastoma multiforme: a feasibility and safety study. Ther Adv Med Oncol 21(11):1758835919853958. https://doi.org/10.1177/1758835919853958

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foppiani A, De Amicis R, Lessa C, Leone A, Ravella S, Ciusani E, Silvani A, Zuccoli G, Battezzati A, Lamperti E, Bertoli S (2021) Isocaloric ketogenic diet in adults with high-grade gliomas: a prospective metabolic study. Nutr Cancer 73(6):1004–1014. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2020.1779759

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klein P, Tyrlikova I, Zuccoli G, Tyrlik A, Maroon JC (2020) Treatment of glioblastoma multiforme with “classic” 4:1 ketogenic diet total meal replacement. Cancer Metab 8(1):24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40170-020-00230-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Schreck KC, Hsu FC, Berrington A, Henry-Barron B, Vizthum D, Blair L, Kossoff EH, Easter L, Whitlow CT, Barker PB, Cervenka MC, Blakeley JO, Strowd RE (2021) Feasibility and biological activity of a ketogenic/intermittent-fasting diet in patients with glioma. Neurology 97(9):953-e963.