Macrophage activation syndrome in Sepsis: from pathogenesis to clinical management

Singer M, et al. The Third International Consensus definitions for Sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA. 2016;315(8):801–10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Rudd KE, et al. Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990–2017: analysis for the global burden of Disease Study. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):200–11.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chiu C, Legrand M. Epidemiology of sepsis and septic shock. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2021;34(2):71–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao Y, et al. α-Lactose improves the survival of septic mice by blockade of TIM-3 signaling to prevent NKT Cell apoptosis and attenuate cytokine storm. Shock. 2017;47(3):337–45.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Delano MJ, Ward PA. The immune system’s role in sepsis progression, resolution, and long-term outcome. Immunol Rev. 2016;274(1):330–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Opitz B, et al. Role of toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors in endothelial cells and systemic infections. Thromb Haemost. 2009;102(6):1103–9.

PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Faure E, et al. Bacterial lipopolysaccharide activates NF-kappaB through toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in cultured human dermal endothelial cells. Differential expression of TLR-4 and TLR-2 in endothelial cells. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(15):11058–63.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Colbert JF, Schmidt EP. Endothelial and microcirculatory function and dysfunction in Sepsis. Clin Chest Med. 2016;37(2):263–75.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mikacenic C, et al. Biomarkers of endothelial activation are Associated with poor outcome in critical illness. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(10):e0141251.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mostefai HA, et al. Circulating microparticles from patients with septic shock exert protective role in vascular function. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(11):1148–55.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Nathan C. Neutrophils and immunity: challenges and opportunities. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(3):173–82.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hotchkiss RS, Nicholson DW. Apoptosis and caspases regulate death and inflammation in sepsis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(11):813–22.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Delano MJ, et al. Sepsis induces early alterations in innate immunity that impact mortality to secondary infection. J Immunol. 2011;186(1):195–202.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Eash KJ, et al. CXCR2 and CXCR4 antagonistically regulate neutrophil trafficking from murine bone marrow. J Clin Invest. 2010;120(7):2423–31.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grailer JJ, et al. Persistent neutrophil dysfunction and suppression of acute lung injury in mice following cecal ligation and puncture sepsis. J Innate Immun. 2014;6(5):695–705.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Morris AC, et al. C5a-mediated neutrophil dysfunction is RhoA-dependent and predicts infection in critically ill patients. Blood. 2011;117(19):5178–88.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Davies LC, et al. Tissue-resident macrophages. Nat Immunol. 2013;14(10):986–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Funes SC, et al. Implications of macrophage polarization in autoimmunity. Immunology. 2018;154(2):186–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Poli A, et al. CD56bright natural killer (NK) cells: an important NK cell subset. Immunology. 2009;126(4):458–65.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Giamarellos-Bourboulis EJ. Natural killer cells in sepsis: detrimental role for final outcome. Crit Care Med. 2014;42(6):1579–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pastille E, et al. Modulation of dendritic cell differentiation in the bone marrow mediates sustained immunosuppression after polymicrobial sepsis. J Immunol. 2011;186(2):977–86.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Toliver-Kinsky TE, et al. Stimulation of hematopoiesis by the fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand restores bacterial induction of Th1 cytokines in thermally injured mice. Infect Immun. 2003;71(6):3058–67.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Benjamim CF, et al. Reversal of long-term sepsis-induced immunosuppression by dendritic cells. Blood. 2005;105(9):3588–95.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lang JD, Matute-Bello G. Lymphocytes, apoptosis and sepsis: making the jump from mice to humans. Crit Care. 2009;13(1):109.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hotchkiss RS, et al. Apoptosis in lymphoid and parenchymal cells during sepsis: findings in normal and T- and B-cell-deficient mice. Crit Care Med. 1997;25(8):1298–307.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hotchkiss RS, et al. Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways. J Immunol. 2005;174(8):5110–8.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Holtmeier W, Kabelitz D. Gammadelta T cells link innate and adaptive immune responses. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2005;86:151–83.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Grimaldi D, et al. Specific MAIT cell behaviour among innate-like T lymphocytes in critically ill patients with severe infections. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(2):192–201.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Tomasello E, Bedoui S. Intestinal innate immune cells in gut homeostasis and immunosurveillance. Immunol Cell Biol. 2013;91(3):201–3.

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Boomer JS, et al. Immunosuppression in patients who die of sepsis and multiple organ failure. JAMA. 2011;306(23):2594–605.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

O’Sullivan ST et al. Major injury leads to predominance of the T helper-2 lymphocyte phenotype and diminished interleukin-12 production associated with decreased resistance to infection. Ann Surg, 1995. 222(4): p. 482 – 90; discussion 490-2.

Wu HP, et al. Associations of T helper 1, 2, 17 and regulatory T lymphocytes with mortality in severe sepsis. Inflamm Res. 2013;62(8):751–63.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS 

Comments (0)

No login
gif