Wisplinghoff H, Bischoff T, Tallent SM, Seifert H, Wenzel RP, Edmond MB (2004) Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study. Clin Infect Dis 39:309–317. https://doi.org/10.1086/421946

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yaw LK, Robinson JO, Ho KM (2014) A comparison of long-term outcomes after meticillin-resistant and meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis 14:967–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70876-X

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joo E-J, Park DA, Kang C-I, Chung DR, Song J-H, Lee SM, Peck KR (2019) Reevaluation of the impact of methicillin-resistance on outcomes in patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and endocarditis. Korean J Intern Med 34:1347–1362. https://doi.org/10.3904/kjim.2017.098

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reynolds PE, Brown DFJ (1985) Penicillin-binding proteins of β-lactam-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus. FEBS Lett 192:28–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(85)80036-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hartman BJ, Tomasz A (1984) Low-affinity penicillin-binding protein associated with beta-lactam resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 158:513–516

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lim D, Strynadka NCJ (2002) Structural basis for the beta lactam resistance of PBP2a from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Nat Struct Biol 9:870–876. https://doi.org/10.1038/nsb858

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Álvarez L, Holden MTG, Lindsay H, Webb CR, Brown DFJ, Curran MD, Walpole E, Brooks K, Pickard DJ, Teale C, Parkhill J, Bentley SD et al (2011) Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a novel mecA homologue in human and bovine populations in the UK and Denmark: a descriptive study. Lancet Infect Dis 11:595–603. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70126-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lakhundi S, Zhang K (2018) Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus: molecular characterization, evolution, and epidemiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 31:e00020-e118. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00020-18

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wolska-Gębarzewska M, Międzobrodzki J, Kosecka-Strojek M (2023) Current types of staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) in clinically relevant coagulase-negative staphylococcal (CoNS) species. Crit Rev Microbiol 0:1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1040841X.2023.2274841

Article  Google Scholar 

Garau J, Bouza E, Chastre J, Gudiol F, Harbarth S (2009) Management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Clin Microbiol Infect 15:125–136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02701.x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Delgado V, Ajmone Marsan N, de Waha S, Bonaros N, Brida M, Burri H, Caselli S, Doenst T, Ederhy S, Erba PA, Foldager D, Fosbøl EL et al (2023) 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis: Developed by the task force on the management of endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by the European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS) and the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J 44:3948–4042. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad193

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahimi F (2016) Characterization of resistance to aminoglycosides in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from a tertiary care hospital in Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 9:e29237. https://doi.org/10.5812/jjm.29237

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liakopoulos A, Foka A, Vourli S, Zerva L, Tsiapara F, Protonotariou E, Dailiana Z, Economou M, Papoutsidou E, Koutsia-Carouzou C, Anastassiou ED, Diza E et al (2011) Aminoglycoside-resistant staphylococci in Greece: prevalence and resistance mechanisms. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 30:701–705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-010-1132-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schmitz F-J, Fluit AC, Gondolf M, Beyrau R, Lindenlauf E, Verhoef J, Heinz H-P, Jones ME (1999) The prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance and corresponding resistance genes in clinical isolates of staphylococci from 19 European hospitals. J Antimicrob Chemother 43:253–259. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/43.2.253

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khosravi AD, Jenabi A, Montazeri EA (2017) Distribution of genes encoding resistance to aminoglycoside modifying enzymes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 33:587–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2017.08.001

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao C-J, Li Y-L, Pu M-J, Luo L-H, Xiong Q, Xie F-J, Li T-L, Feng P-M (2021) Aminoglycosides with anti-MRSA activity: a concise review. Curr Top Med Chem 21:2483–2499. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666211004093647

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Timbrook TT, Morton JB, McConeghy KW, Caffrey AR, Mylonakis E, LaPlante KL (2017) The effect of molecular rapid diagnostic testing on clinical outcomes in bloodstream infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 64:15–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw649

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kumar A, Ellis P, Arabi Y, Roberts D, Light B, Parrillo JE, Dodek P, Wood G, Kumar A, Simon D, Peters C, Ahsan M et al (2009) Initiation of inappropriate antimicrobial therapy results in a fivefold reduction of survival in human septic shock. Chest 136:1237–1248. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-0087

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Seymour CW, Gesten F, Prescott HC, Friedrich ME, Iwashyna TJ, Phillips GS, Lemeshow S, Osborn T, Terry KM, Levy MM (2017) Time to treatment and mortality during mandated emergency care for sepsis. N Engl J Med 376:2235–2244. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1703058

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ohnuma T, Chihara S, Costin B, Treggiari MM, Bartz RR, Raghunathan K, Krishnamoorthy V (2023) Association of appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy with in-hospital mortality in patients with bloodstream infections in the US. JAMA Netw Open 6:e2249353. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49353

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rhoads DD, Wang H, Karichu J, Richter SS (2016) The presence of a single MALDI-TOF mass spectral peak predicts methicillin resistance in staphylococci. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 86:257–261. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2016.08.001

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang W, Ranganathan N, Shahrezaei V, Larrouy-Maumus G (2019) MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry on intact bacteria combined with a refined analysis framework allows accurate classification of MSSA and MRSA. PLoS ONE 14:e0218951. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218951

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yu J, Tien N, Liu Y-C, Cho D-Y, Chen J-W, Tsai Y-T, Huang Y-C, Chao H-J, Chen C-J (2022) Rapid Identification of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus Using MALDI-TOF MS and machine learning from over 20,000 clinical isolates. Microbiol Spectr 10:e00483-e522. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.00483-22

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Neil JR, Verma A, Kronewitter SR, McGee WM, Mullen C, Viirtola M, Kotovuori A, Friedrich H, Finell J, Rannisto J, Syka JEP, Stephenson JL (2021) Rapid MRSA detection via tandem mass spectrometry of the intact 80 kDa PBP2a resistance protein. Sci Rep 11:18309. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97844-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanchini A (2022) Recent developments in phenotypic and molecular diagnostic methods for antimicrobial resistance detection in staphylococcus aureus: a narrative review. Diagnostics 12:208. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12010208

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burrack-Lange SC, Personne Y, Huber M, Winkler E, Weile J, Knabbe C, Görig J, Rohde H (2018) Multicenter assessment of the rapid Unyvero Blood Culture molecular assay. J Med Microbiol 67:1294–1301. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000804

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Drake SK, Youn J-H, Rosenberg AZ, Chen Y, Gucek M, Suffredini AF, Dekker JP (2017) Peptide markers for rapid detection of KPC carbapenemase by LC-MS/MS. Sci Rep 7:2531. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02749-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang H, Chen Y, Strich JR, Drake SK, Youn J-H, Rosenberg AZ, Gucek M, McGann PT, Suffredini AF, Dekker JP (2019) Rapid detection of colistin resistance protein MCR-1 by LC–MS/MS. Clin Proteomics 16:8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12014-019-9228-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foudraine DE, Dekker LJM, Strepis N, Nispeling SJ, Raaphorst MN, Kloezen W, Colle P, Verbon A, Klaassen CHW, Luider TM, Goessens WHF (2022) Using targeted liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to rapidly detect β-Lactam, aminoglycoside, and fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in blood cultures growing E. coli or K. pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 13:887420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.887420

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Foudraine DE, Aarents CNM, Wattel AA, van Boxtel R, Strepis N, Ten Kate MT, Verbon A, Luider TM, Klaassen CHW, Hays J, Dekker LJM, Tommassen J et al (2022) Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis demonstrates a decrease in Porins and increase in CMY-2 β-Lactamases in Escherichia coli exposed to increasing concentrations of Meropenem. Front Microbiol 13:793738. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.793738

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central