World Health Organization. Definitions and indicators in family planning maternal & child health and reproductive health used in the WHO regional office for Europe. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2000.

Google Scholar 

Ahmed S, Li Q, Liu L, Tsui AO. Maternal deaths averted by contraceptive use: an analysis of 172 countries. Lancet. 2012;380(9837):111–25.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tsui AO, McDonald-Mosley R, Burke AE. Family planning and the burden of unintended pregnancies. Epidemiol Rev. 2010;32(1):152–74.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cleland J, Bernstein S, Ezeh A, Faundes A, Glasier A, Innis J. Family planning: the unfinished agenda. Lancet. 2006;368(9549):1810–27.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Starbird E, Norton M, Marcus R. Investing in family planning: key to achieving the sustainable development goals. Global health: science and practice. 2016;4(2):191–210.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gavin L, Moskosky S, Carter M, Curtis K, Glass E, Godfrey E, et al. Providing quality family planning services: recommendations of CDC and the US Office of Population Affairs. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014;63(4):1–54.

Google Scholar 

The International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). Sustainable Development Goals and Family Planning.; 2020.

Hardee K, Jordan S. Advancing rights-based family planning from 2020 to 2030. Open Access J Contraception. 2021;12:157–71.

Sully EA, Biddlecom A, Darroch JE, Riley T, Ashford LS, Lince-Deroche N, et al. Adding it up: investing in sexual and reproductive health 2019. 2020.

Nehme L, Peggy Y, Huang JC, Kawakita T. Decision and economic analysis of hostile abortion laws compared with supportive abortion laws. Am J Obstetrics Gynecol MFM. 2023;5(8):101019.

United Nations(UN). contraceptive use by method. 2019.

Duvall S, Thurston S, Weinberger M, Nuccio O, Fuchs-Montgomery N. Scaling up delivery of contraceptive implants in sub-Saharan Africa: operational experiences of Marie Stopes International. Global Health: Science and Practice. 2014;2(1):72–92.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stoddard A, McNicholas C, Peipert JF. Efficacy and safety of long-acting reversible contraception. Drugs. 2011;71:969–80.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ackerson K, Zielinski R. Factors influencing use of family planning in women living in crisis affected areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the literature. Midwifery. 2017;54:35–60.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Funchess T, Bradwell MW, McLeod ST, Blackwell E, Kolbo JR, Zhang L, et al. Racial disparities in reproductive healthcare among parous and nulliparous women in Mississippi. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities. 2021;8:304–14.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu JP, Moniz MH, Ursu AN. Long-acting reversible contraception—highly efficacious, safe, and underutilized. JAMA. 2018;320(4):397–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ricketts S, Klingler G, Schwalberg R. Game change in Colorado: widespread use of long-acting reversible contraceptives and rapid decline in births among young, low-income women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2014;46(3):125–32.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tyler CP, Whiteman MK, Zapata LB, Curtis KM, Hillis SD, Marchbanks PA. Health care provider attitudes and practices related to intrauterine devices for nulliparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2012;119(4):762–71.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mukasa B, Ali M, Farron M, Van de Weerdt R. Contraception supply chain challenges: a review of evidence from low-and middle-income countries. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2017;22(5):384–90.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gebeyehu NA, Tegegne KD, Biset G, Sewuyew DA, Alemu BW, Yitayew AM. Discontinuation of long acting reversible contraceptive use and its determinants among women in Ethiopia: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2022;10:979231.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tsui AO, Brown W, Li Q. Contraceptive practice in sub-Saharan Africa. Popul Dev Rev. 2017;43(Suppl Suppl 1):166.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tefera Z, Assefaw M, Ayalew S, Gashaw W, Abate M, Temesgen K, et al. Factors Associated with implanon discontinuation among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Reprod Med. 2022;2022(1):9576080.

Fekadu GA, Omigbodun AO, Roberts OA, Yalew AW. Factors associated with early long-acting reversible contraceptives discontinuation in Ethiopia: evidence from the 2016 Ethiopian demographic and health survey. Archives of Public Health. 2020;78:1–10.

Google Scholar 

Ali MM, Cleland JG, Shah IH, Organization WH. Causes and consequences of contraceptive discontinuation: evidence from 60 demographic and health surveys. 2012.

Rosenberg M, Waugh MS. Causes and consequences of oral contraceptive noncompliance. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(2):S276–9.

Google Scholar 

Hennegan J, Tsui AO, Sommer M. Missed opportunities: menstruation matters for family planning. Int Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2019;45:55–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Olaifa BT, Okonta HI, Mpinda JB, Govender I. Reasons given by women for discontinuing the use of progestogen implants at Koster Hospital, North West province. S Afr Fam Pract. 2022;64(1):e1–7.

Qiu M, Juarez J, de Carvalho A, Juliana FJC, Nhamba L, Neves I, et al. Contraceptive implant discontinuation in Huambo and Luanda, Angola: a qualitative exploration of motives. Matern Child Health J. 2017;21:1763–71.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Durante JC, Sims J, Jarin J, Gold MA, Messiah SE, Francis JK. Long-Acting reversible contraception for adolescents: a review of practices to support better communication, counseling, and adherence. Adolesc Health Med Ther. 2023;14:97–114.

Mihretie GS, Abebe SM, Abera M, Assefa DT. An Interpretative Study of LARCs discontinuation in Ethiopia: the experiences of women accessing contraceptives in selected public health facilities. Open Access J Contraception. 2023;14:41–51.

Dehingia N, Dixit A, Averbach S, Choudhry V, Dey A, Chandurkar D, et al. Family planning counseling and its associations with modern contraceptive use, initiation, and continuation in rural Uttar Pradesh. India Reproductive Health. 2019;16:1–11.

Google Scholar 

RamaRao S, Lacuesta M, Costello M, Pangolibay B, Jones H. The link between quality of care and contraceptive use. Int Fam Plann Perspect. 2003; 29(2):76–83.

Blanc AK, Curtis SL, Croft TN. Monitoring contraceptive continuation: links to fertility outcomes and quality of care. Stud Fam Plann. 2002;33(2):127–40.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

RamaRao S, Mohanam R. The quality of family planning programs: concepts, measurements, interventions, and effects. Stud Fam Plann. 2003;34(4):227–48.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hancock NL, Stuart GS, Tang JH, Chibwesha CJ, Stringer JS, Chi BH. Renewing focus on family planning service quality globally. Contraception and reproductive medicine. 2016;1:1–6.

Google Scholar 

Feeser K, Chakraborty NM, Calhoun L, Speizer IS. Measures of family planning service quality associated with contraceptive discontinuation: an analysis of Measurement, Learning & Evaluation (MLE) project data from urban Kenya. Gates Open Res. 2019;3:1345.

Tregear SJ, Gavin LE, Williams JR. Systematic review evidence methodology: providing quality family planning services. Am J Prev Med. 2015;49(2):S23–30.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hrusa G, Spigt M, Dejene T, Shiferaw S. Quality of Family Planning Counseling in Ethiopia: Trends and determinants of information received by female modern contraceptive users, evidence from national survey data, (2014–2018). PLoS ONE. 2020;15(2):e0228714.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Williams T, Schutt-Aine J, Cuca Y. Measuring family planning service quality through client satisfaction exit interviews. International family planning perspectives. 2000;26(2):63–71.

Grigoroudis E, Siskos Y. Customer satisfaction evaluation: Methods for measuring and implementing service quality: Springer Science & Business Media; 2009.

Tadesse A, Kondale M, Agedew E, Gebremeskel F, Boti N, Oumer B. Determinant of implanon discontinuation among women who ever used implanon in Diguna Fango District, Wolayita Zone, Southern Ethiopia: a community based case control study. Int J Reprod Med. 2017;2017:2861207-.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yimer Y, Cherie N, Damtie Y. Determinants of early discontinuation of etonogestrel sub-dermal implant among reproductive-age women in Legambo district, Northeast Ethiopia: An unmatched case-control study. SAGE Open Med. 2022;10:20503121221088104.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dirirsa DE, AwolSalo M, Gudeta MB, Kelbessa ME, Lammi MB. Determinants of early discontinuation of long-acting and reversible contraceptive methods among women within childbearing age attending health facilities in Ethiopia, 2019. SAGE Open Medicine. 2022;10:20503121221136764.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yehuala T, Melese E, Bogale KA, Dagnew B. Determinants of implanon discontinuation among women who use implanon at Bahir Dar Town Health Institutions, Northwest Ethiopia, 2019: a case-control study. evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. 2020;2020.

Chekole MS, Zikie DT, WogieFitie G, Taye BT, Kibiret DM, SileshZerihun M, et al. Determinants of Implanon discontinuation among women who use Implanon at Debre Berhan town public health institutions in Northeast Ethiopia: a case-control study. Front Glob Womens Health. 2023;4:961364.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abebe BA, Assefa N, Mengistie B. Discontinuation of reversible long-acting contraceptive and associated factors among female users in health facilities of Hawassa City, Southern Ethiopia: cross-sectional study. Open Access J Contracept. 2020;11:113–23.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nega G, Abera M, Tadele A. Discontinuation rate and associated factors among contraceptive implant users in Kersa district, southwestern Ethiopia. Arch Public Health. 2021;79(1):75.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Reda M, Abebe BA. Early discontinuation of Implanon and associated factors among women in public health facilities of the Hawassa administration, south Ethiopia. African J Midwife Women’s Health. 2022;16(3):1–13.

Google Scholar 

MelkamuAsaye M, SyoumNigussie T, Mequannt Ambaw W. Early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among implanon User Women in Debre Tabor Town, Public Health Facilities, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016. Int J Reprod Med. 2018;2018:3597487-.

Google Scholar 

Tesfaye H, Negara E, Bayisa K. Early implanon discontinuation and associated factors among women ever used implanon in Mettu district, Oromia regional state, southwest Ethiopia, 2021. Reprod Health. 2021;18(1):176.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Medhin TG, Gebrekidan KG, Nerea MK, Gerezgiher H, Haftu M. Early Implanon discontinuation rate and its associated factors in health institutions of Mekelle City, Tigray, Ethiopia 2016/17. Bmc Research Notes. 2019;12:8.

Siyoum et all. Implanon Discontinuation Rate and Associated Factors among Women who ever Used Implanon in the Last Three Years in Debre Markos Town, Northwest Ethiopia, 2016, Cross Sectional Study. ARC J Public Health Commun Med. 2017;2(1):8–16.

Dagnew GW, Gelaw YM, Asresie MB, Anteneh ZA. Level and timing of implanon discontinuation and associated factors among women who used Implanon in Andabet District, Public Health Facilities. North-West Ethiopia Biomed Res Int. 2021;2021:6647660.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mesha M, Alemayehu A, Daka D. Prevalence and factors associated with early discontinuation rate of Implanon utilization among women who ever used Implanon in Kucha District Gamo Gofa Zone, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Women's Health. 2020;20(1):239.

Geja E, Belayneh F, Legesse D, Tsegaw D, Abuka T, Gebremariam A, et al. Prevalence of early removal of long-acting contraceptive methods and its associated factors in Sidama Regional State. Ethiopia Open Access J Contracept. 2021;12:35–44.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Habte A, Wondimu M, Abdulkadir H. Survival time to Implanon discontinuation and its predictors among a cohort of Implanon users who enrolled in public hospitals of southern Ethiopia, 2021: a retrospective cohort study. Archives of Public Health. 2022;80(1):89.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mihretie GS, Abebe SM, Abebaw Y, Gede