Brasil, Ministério da Saúde (2024) MENINGITE - Casos confirmados Notificados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação - Brasil. http://tabnet.datasus.gov.br/cgi/tabcgi.exe?sinannet/cnv/meninbr.def. Accessed 4 Nov 2024

Gillespie SH, Balakrishnan I (2000) Pathogenesis of pneumococcal infection. J Med Microbiol 49(12):1057–1067. https://doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-49-12-1057

Joelsons D, Alencar CS, Pinho JRR, Ho YL (2023) Investigation of etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients in a tertiary hospital of São Paulo City. Brazil. Brazil J Infect Dis 27(6):103690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2023.103690

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

World Health Organization (2019) Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in infants and children under 5 years of age: WHO position paper–February 2019. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 94(8):85–104

Google Scholar 

Yu X, Wang H, Ma S, Chen W, Sun L, Zou Z (2024) Estimating the global and regional burden of lower respiratory infections attributable to leading pathogens and the protective effectiveness of immunization programs. Int J Infect Dis 149:107268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107268

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ganaie FA, Saad JS, Lo SW, McGee L, Bentley SD, van Tonder AJ, Hawkins P, Keenan JD, Calix JJ, Nahm MH (2023) Discovery and Characterization of Pneumococcal Serogroup 36 Capsule Subtypes, Serotypes 36A and 36B. J Clin Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00024-23

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manna S, Werren JP, Ortika BD et al (2024) Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 33G: genetic, serological, and structural analysis of a new capsule type. Microbiol Spectr 12(1):e03579. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.03579-23

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yu J, Ravenscroft N, Davey P, Liyanage R, Lorenz O, Kuttel MM, Lo SW, Ganaie FA, Nahm MH (2025) New pneumococcal serotype 20C is a WciG O-acetyltransferase deficient variant of canonical serotype 20B. Microbiol Spectr 13(1):e02443. https://doi.org/10.1128/spectrum.02443-24

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fletcher MA, Daigle D, Siapka M, Baay M, Hanquet G, del Carmen MG (2024) Serotype distribution of invasive pneumococcal disease from countries of the WHO Africa, Americas, Eastern Mediterranean, South-East Asia, and Western Pacific regions: a systematic literature review from 2010 to 2021. Front Public Health 12:1402795. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2024.1402795

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kadioglu A, Weiser JN, Paton JC, Andrew PW (2008) The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence factors in host respiratory colonization and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 6:288–301

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Camargos P, Drumond E, Nascimento-Carvalho CM (2021) Effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on invasive pneumococcal disease. Lancet Infect Dis 21:453

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim L, McGee L, Tomczyk S, Beall B (2016) Biological and epidemiological features of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in pre- and post-conjugate vaccine eras: A United States perspective. Clin Microbiol Rev 29:525–552

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Richter SS, Diekema DJ, Heilmann KP, Dohrn CL, Riahi F, Doern GV (2014) Changes in pneumococcal serotypes and antimicrobial resistance after introduction of the 13-Valent conjugate vaccine in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58:6484–6489

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li L, Ma J, Yu Z, Li M, Zhang W, Sun H (2023) Epidemiological characteristics and antibiotic resistance mechanisms of Streptococcus pneumoniae: an updated review. Microbiol Res. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2022.127221

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Geno KA, Gilbert GL, Song JY, Skovsted IC, Klugman KP, Jones C, Konradsen HB, Nahm MH (2015) Pneumococcal capsules and their types: Past, present, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev 28:871–899

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pai R, Gertz RE, Beall B (2006) Sequential multiplex PCR approach for determining capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. J Clin Microbiol 44:124–131

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dias CA, Teixeira LM, Carvalho MDG, Beall B (2007) Sequential multiplex PCR for determining capsular serotypes of pneumococci recovered from Brazilian children. J Med Microbiol 56:1185–1188

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Vasconcelos TM, Rodrigues LS, Krul D et al (2024) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for Streptococcus pneumoniae capsular serotype classification in pediatric patients with invasive infections. Front Microbiol 15:1497377. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1497377

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Passaris I, Mauder N, Kostrzewa M, Burckhardt I, Zimmermann S, van Sorge NM, Slotved HC, Desmet S, Ceyssens PJ (2022) Validation of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Serotyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00325-22

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burckhardt I, Sebastian K, Mauder N, Kostrzewa M, Burckhardt F, Zimmermann S (2019) Analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae using Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy allows prediction of capsular serotype. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 38:1883–1890

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Novais Â, Freitas AR, Rodrigues C, Peixe L (2019) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: unlocking fundamentals and prospects for bacterial strain typing. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 38:427–448

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Al-Fraihat E, Barker KR, Tadros M (2025) The IR Biotyper as a tool for typing organisms of significance for hospital epidemiology- A subject review. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 30:116676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116676

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

WHO (2011) Laboratory methods for the diagnosis of meningitis caused by neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae WHO manual, 2nd edn. http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html

Pinto TCA, Souza ARV, De Pina SECM, Costa NS, Neto AAB, Neves FPG, Merquior VLC, Dias CAG, Peralta JM, Teixeira LM (2013) Phenotypic and molecular characterization of optochin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from Brazil, with description of five novel mutations in the atpC gene. J Clin Microbiol 51:3242–3249

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Capp E, Nienov OH, Darski C et al (2020) Bioestatística quantitativa aplicada. https://lume.ufrgs.br/bitstream/handle/10183/213116/001117616.pdf. Accessed 16 Jan 2025

Selva L, Del Amo E, Brotons P, Muñoz-Almagro C (2012) Rapid and easy identification of capsular serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae by use of fragment analysis by automated fluorescence-based capillary electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 50:3451–3457

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Desmet S, Theeten H, Laenen L, Cuypers L, Maes P, Bossuyt W, Van Heirstraeten L, Peetermans WE, Lagrou K (2022) Characterization of Emerging Serotype 19A Pneumococcal Strains in Invasive Disease and Carriage, Belgium. Emerg Infect Dis 28:1606–1614

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcia Quesada M, Peterson ME, Bennett JC, et al (2024) Serotype distribution of remaining invasive pneumococcal disease after extensive use of ten-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (the PSERENADE project): a global surveillance analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(24)00588-7

de Souza MB, de Carvalho E, Cergole-Novella MC, Molinari DA, Colpas DR, dos Santos Carmo AM, dos Santos Menezes GaiottoDaros V, de Campos IB (2023) Multiplex PCR to Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype identification directly in cerebrospinal fluid samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 42:255–266

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krajcar N, Trkulja V, Butić I, Tešović G (2025) Impact of the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) on pneumococcal carriage in healthy children and children with acute otitis media and pneumonia: emergence of serotypes 3, 6C and 19A in Croatia. Vaccine 40:135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2025.126848

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

SIREVA (2023) Informação da vigilância das pneumonias e meningites bacterianas. https://www.ial.sp.gov.br/resources/insituto-adolfo-lutz/publicacoes/sireva_2023_2.pdf. Accessed 9 Jan 2025

Micoli F, Romano MR, Carboni F, Adamo R, Berti F (2023) Strengths and weaknesses of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. Glycoconj J 40:135–148

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi EH, Zhang F, Lu YJ, Malley R (2016) Capsular Polysaccharide (CPS) Release by Serotype 3 Pneumococcal Strains Reduces the Protective Effect of Anti-Type 3 CPS Antibodies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 23:162–167

Article