1. Daley CL, Iaccarino JM, Lange C, et al. Treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an official ATS/ERS/ESCMID/IDSA clinical practice guideline. Eur Respir J 2020;56:2000535.

2. Lee H, Myung W, Koh WJ, Moon SM, Jhun BW. Epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, South Korea, 2007–2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2019;25:569–572.

3. Haworth CS, Banks J, Capstick T, et al. British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD). Thorax 2017;72(Suppl 2):ii1–ii64.

4. Hwang JA, Kim S, Jo KW, Shim TS. Natural history of Mycobacterium avium complex lung disease in untreated patients with stable course. Eur Respir J 2017;49:1600537.

5. Pasipanodya JG, Ogbonna D, Deshpande D, Srivastava S, Gumbo T. Meta-analyses and the evidence base for microbial outcomes in the treatment of pulmonary Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex disease. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017;72(suppl_2):i3–i19.

6. Pasipanodya JG, Ogbonna D, Ferro BE, et al. Systematic review and meta-analyses of the effect of chemotherapy on pulmonary Mycobacterium abscessus outcomes and disease recurrence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017;61:e01206–e01217.

7. Kim BG, Kang N, Kim SY, et al. The lung microbiota in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease. PLoS One 2023;18:e0285143.

8. Natalini JG, Singh S, Segal LN. The dynamic lung microbiome in health and disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023;21:222–235.

9. Li KJ, Chen ZL, Huang Y, et al. Dysbiosis of lower respiratory tract microbiome are associated with inflammation and microbial function variety. Respir Res 2019;20:272.

10. Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. The role of the bacterial microbiome in lung disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2013;7:245–257.

11. Erb-Downward JR, Thompson DL, Han MK, et al. Analysis of the lung microbiome in the “healthy” smoker and in COPD. PLoS One 2011;6:e16384.

12. Garcia-Nuñez M, Millares L, Pomares X, et al. Severity-related changes of bronchial microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Microbiol 2014;52:4217–4223.

13. Cowman SA, James P, Wilson R, Cookson WOC, Moffatt MF, Loebinger MR. Profiling mycobacterial communities in pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. PLoS One 2018;13:e0208018.

14. van Ingen J, Aksamit T, Andrejak C, et al. Treatment outcome definitions in nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease: an NTM-NET consensus statement. Eur Respir J 2018;51:1800170.

15. Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Martinez FJ, Huffnagle GB. The microbiome and the respiratory tract. Annu Rev Physiol 2016;78:481–504.

16. Huffnagle GB, Dickson RP, Lukacs NW. The respiratory tract microbiome and lung inflammation: a two-way street. Mucosal Immunol 2017;10:299–306.

17. Mathieu E, Escribano-Vazquez U, Descamps D, et al. Paradigms of lung microbiota functions in health and disease, particularly, in asthma. Front Physiol 2018;9:1168.

18. Wypych TP, Wickramasinghe LC, Marsland BJ. The influence of the microbiome on respiratory health. Nat Immunol 2019;20:1279–1290.

19. Latham RD, Gell DA, Fairbairn RL, et al. An isolate of Haemophilus haemolyticus produces a bacteriocin-like substance that inhibits the growth of nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae . Int J Antimicrob Agents 2017;49:503–506.

20. Molyneaux PL, Cox MJ, Wells AU, et al. Changes in the respiratory microbiome during acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2017;18:29.

21. Chiu YC, Lee SW, Liu CW, Lan TY, Wu LS. Relationship between gut microbiota and lung function decline in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 1-year follow-up study. Respir Res 2022;23:10.

22. Horn KJ, Schopper MA, Drigot ZG, Clark SE. Airway Prevotella promote TLR2-dependent neutrophil activation and rapid clearance of Streptococcus pneumoniae from the lung. Nat Commun 2022;13:3321.

23. Costello EK, Lauber CL, Hamady M, Fierer N, Gordon JI, Knight R. Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time. Science 2009;326:1694–1697.

24. Dickson RP, Erb-Downward JR, Huffnagle GB. Towards an ecology of the lung: new conceptual models of pulmonary microbiology and pneumonia pathogenesis. Lancet Respir Med 2014;2:238–246.

25. Coburn B, Wang PW, Diaz Caballero J, et al. Lung microbiota across age and disease stage in cystic fibrosis. Sci Rep 2015;5:10241.

26. Flight WG, Smith A, Paisey C, et al. Rapid detection of emerging pathogens and loss of microbial diversity associated with severe lung disease in cystic fibrosis. J Clin Microbiol 2015;53:2022–2029.

27. Wang Z, Bafadhel M, Haldar K, et al. Lung microbiome dynamics in COPD exacerbations. Eur Respir J 2016;47:1082–1092.

28. Rogers GB, Zain NM, Bruce KD, et al. A novel microbiota stratification system predicts future exacerbations in bronchiectasis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2014;11:496–503.