1. Raghu G, Remy-Jardin M, Myers JL, et al. Diagnosis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an Official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT clinical practice guideline. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;198:e44–e68.

2. Song JW, Hong SB, Lim CM, Koh Y, Kim DS. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: incidence, risk factors and outcome. Eur Respir J 2011;37:356–363.

3. Collard HR, Ryerson CJ, Corte TJ, et al. Acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. an International Working Group report. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016;194:265–275.

4. Raghu G, Collard HR, Egan JJ, et al. An official ATS/ERS/JRS/ALAT statement: idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evidence-based guidelines for diagnosis and management. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:788–824.

5. Al-Hameed FM, Sharma S. Outcome of patients admitted to the intensive care unit for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Can Respir J 2004;11:117–122.

6. Cuerpo S, Moisés J, Hernández-González F, et al. Acute exacerbations of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: does clinical stratification or steroid treatment matter? Chron Respir Dis 2019;16:1479973119869334.

7. Papiris SA, Kagouridis K, Kolilekas L, et al. Survival in Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis acute exacerbations: the non-steroid approach. BMC Pulm Med 2015;15:162.

8. Suzuki H, Sekine Y, Yoshida S, et al. Risk of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia after pulmonary resection for lung cancer in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis based on preoperative high-resolution computed tomography. Surg Today 2011;41:914–921.

9. Naccache JM, Jouneau S, Didier M, et al. Cyclophosphamide added to glucocorticoids in acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (EXAFIP): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Respir Med 2022;10:26–34.

10. Kondoh Y, Azuma A, Inoue Y, et al. Thrombomodulin alfa for acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2020;201:1110–1119.

11. Shoji H, Tani T, Hanasawa K, Kodama M. Extracorporeal endotoxin removal by polymyxin B immobilized fiber cartridge: designing and antiendotoxin efficacy in the clinical application. Ther Apher 1998;2:3–12.

12. Cruz DN, Antonelli M, Fumagalli R, et al. Early use of polymyxin B hemoperfusion in abdominal septic shock: the EUPHAS randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009;301:2445–2452.

13. Nemoto H, Nakamoto H, Okada H, et al. Newly developed immobilized polymyxin B fibers improve the survival of patients with sepsis. Blood Purif 2001;19:361–368discussion 368–369.

14. Nakamura T, Kawagoe Y, Matsuda T, et al. Effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber on blood metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 levels in acute respiratory distress syndrome patients. Blood Purif 2004;22:256–260.

15. Tsushima K, Kubo K, Koizumi T, et al. Direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B immobilized column improves acute respiratory distress syndrome. J Clin Apher 2002;17:97–102.

16. Abe S, Seo Y, Hayashi H, et al. Neutrophil adsorption by polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column for acute exacerbation in patients with interstitial pneumonia: a pilot study. Blood Purif 2010;29:321–326.

17. Enomoto N, Mikamo M, Oyama Y, et al. Treatment of acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with direct hemoperfusion using a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column improves survival. BMC Pulm Med 2015;15:15.

18. Furusawa H, Sugiura M, Mitaka C, Inase N. Direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fibre treatment for acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia. Respirology 2017;22:1357–1362.

19. Hara S, Ishimoto H, Sakamoto N, et al. Direct hemoperfusion using immobilized polymyxin B in patients with rapidly progressive interstitial pneumonias: a retrospective study. Respiration 2011;81:107–117.

20. Seo Y, Abe S, Kurahara M, et al. Beneficial effect of polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) hemoperfusion treatment on acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Intern Med 2006;45:1033–1038.

21. Macintyre N, Crapo RO, Viegi G, et al. Standardisation of the single-breath determination of carbon monoxide uptake in the lung. Eur Respir J 2005;26:720–735.

22. Miller MR, Hankinson J, Brusasco V, et al. Standardisation of spirometry. Eur Respir J 2005;26:319–338.

23. Wanger J, Clausen JL, Coates A, et al. Standardisation of the measurement of lung volumes. Eur Respir J 2005;26:511–522.

24. Holland AE, Spruit MA, Troosters T, et al. An official European Respiratory Society/American Thoracic Society technical standard: field walking tests in chronic respiratory disease. Eur Respir J 2014;44:1428–1446.

25. Abe S, Azuma A, Mukae H, et al. Polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column (PMX) treatment for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with acute exacerbation: a multicenter retrospective analysis. Intern Med 2012;51:1487–1491.

26. Lee JH, Park JH, Kim HJ, et al. The effects of direct hemoperfusion with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber in patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease. Acute Crit Care 2021;36:126–132.

27. Lee SI, Chung C, Park D, Kang DH, Lee JE. Changes in oxygenation and serological markers in acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease treated with polymyxin B hemoperfusion. J Clin Med 2022;11:2485.

28. Oishi K, Mimura-Kimura Y, Miyasho T, et al. Association between cytokine removal by polymyxin B hemoperfusion and improved pulmonary oxygenation in patients with acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Cytokine 2013;61:84–89.

29. Choi MG, Choi SM, Lee JH, Yoon JK, Song JW. Changes in blood Krebs von den Lungen-6 predict the mortality of patients with acute exacerbation of interstitial lung disease. Sci Rep 2022;12:4916.

30. Oishi K, Aoe K, Mimura Y, et al. Survival from an acute exacerbation of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with or without direct hemoperfusion with a polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column: a retrospective analysis. Intern Med 2016;55:3551–3559.

31. Noma S, Matsuyama W, Mitsuyama H, et al. Two cases of acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia treated with polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column hemoperfusion treatment. Intern Med 2007;46:1447–1454.

32. Abe S, Hayashi H, Seo Y, et al. Reduction in serum high mobility group box-1 level by polymyxin B-immobilized fiber column in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis with acute exacerbation. Blood Purif 2011;32:310–316.