Presented at: Part of this study was presented at the 80th Virtual Scientific Sessions of the American Diabetes Association, June 12–16, 2020.

Collaborators: The RADIANT Study Group: Baylor College of Medicine: Ashok Balasubramanyam, M.D., PI1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Maria J. Redondo, M.D., Ph.D., M.P.H., PI1,3,6,7,8, Maaz Ahmed, William Craigen, M.D., Ansley Davis, Monica Dussan, M.D., Jordana Faruqi, M.D., M.P.H., Ruchi Gaba, M.D., Mark Herman, M.D., Shalini Jhangiani, Elizabeth Kubota-Mishra, M.S., D.O., Pengfei Liu, Ph.D.3, Iliana Migacz, M.A., Nkechinyere Osuji, Jennifer Posey, M.D., Ph.D. 1,3,7,9, Nalini Ram, M.B.B.S, Aniko Sabo, Ph.D.3,4,7, Alejandro Siller, M.D., Stephanie Sisley, M.D.3, Mustafa Tosur, M.D.1, Eric Venner, Ph.D.3 Past Staff: Marcela Astudillo, M.D., Adriana Cardenas, Hongzheng Dai, Ph.D., Dimpi Desai, M.D., Mary Fang, Erica Hattery, M.D., M.H.A.5,8, Adrienne Ideouzu, Julizza Jimenez, Nupur Kikani, M.D., Graciela Montes, David Murdock, M.D., Nikalina G. O’Brien, Lee-Jun Wong, Ph.D.3. Columbia University: Robin Goland, M.D., PI1,3,4,8, Wendy K. Chung, M.D., Ph.D.7, Anabel Evans, Rachelle Gandica, M.D., Rudolph Leibel, M.D.3, Jacqueline Lonier, M.D., Kaisha Mofford, James Pring. Indiana University: Carmella Evans-Molina, Ph.D., M.D., PI1,3,7, Farrah Anwar, M.D., Hannah Lease, RN, Angelica Mckibben, RN, Gabriela Monaco, M.D., Zeb Saeed, M.D., Emily Sims, M.D., Maria Spall. Past Staff: Marimar Hernandez-Perez, Ph.D., Kieren Mather, M.D., Kelly Moors, Anna Neyman, M.D. Massachusetts General Hospital: Miriam S. Udler, M.D., Ph.D., PI1,3,7,8, Jose C. Florez, M.D., Ph.D., PI1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Victoria Chen, Sara Cromer, M.D., Aaron Deutsch, M.D., Julia Douvas, Melton Fan, Cristinia Fernandez Hernandez, Evelyn Greaux6, Saadhvi Kartik, Raymond Kreienkamp, M.D., Ph.D., Mary Larkin, R.N., M.S., CDCES, Pam Ricevuto, Nopporn Thangthaeng R.N., Ph.D., CDCES, Armen I. Yerevanian, MD. Past Staff: Melissa Calverley, Kathy Chu, Mariella Facibene, Christopher Han, Dorit Koren, M.D., Micah Koss, William Marshall, Amy Sabean, R.N., Jordan Sherwood, M.D. NorthShore University HealthSystem/Endeavor Health: Liana K. Billings, M.D., M.M.Sc., PI1,3. SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University: Mary Ann Banerji, M.D., PI1,3, Necole Brown, Lina Soni, Lorraine Thomas. Past Staff: Jennifer Abrams, D.O., Kylnt Bally, M.D., Beisi Ji, M.D., Samara Skiwiersky. University of Chicago: Louis H. Philipson, M.D., Ph.D., PI1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Siri Atma W. Greeley, M.D., Ph.D., PI1,3, Graeme Bell, Ph.D.3,7, Shanna Banogon, Jui Desai, Anisa Dye, David Ehrmann, M.D.3,5,6,7, Lisa R. Letourneau-Freiberg, M.P.H.5,6,8, Carlin Lockwood, Kynnedie Maloz, Rochelle N. Naylor, M.D.1,3,7,8, Kaylee Oppenheimer, Erin Papciak, Karen Rodriguez, Rachel Son, Manu Sundaresan, Chelsea Wu. Past Staff: Colleen Bender, Lainie Friedman Ross, M.D., Ph.D., Persephone Tian. University of Colorado – Denver: Neda Rasouli, M.D., PI1,3,7,8, Chelsea Baker PA-C, Megan riff, MD, Courtney King, Wyatt Pfau, Avinash Pyreddy, Marjan Rezaei, Katlyn Sawyer, MD, Vatsala Singh. Past Staff: Mohsen Bahmani Kashkouli, Jules Barklow, Noosha Farhat, Andrew Her, Rebecca Lorch5, Carter Odean, M.S., Gregory Schleis, M.D., Chantal Underkofler. University of Maryland: Toni I. Pollin, Ph.D., M.S., PI1,3,8, Hadley Bryan, Ryan Jollie, M.P.H., Kristin Maloney, M.S., M.G.C.3, Jennifer Marron, RN, Ryan Miller, M.D., Paula Newton, M.D., Maria Eleni Nikita, M.D., Knightess Oyibo, MBChB, Kristi Silver, M.D., Hilary Whitlatch, M.D.1 Cindi Young. Past Staff: Kathleen Palmer, Stephanie Riley, M.S., Devon Nwaba, M.P.H.5,6, Elizabeth Streeten, M.D.1,3, Jessica Tiner, M.P.H. University of Michigan: Elif A. Oral, M.D., PI1,3,5,7,8, David Broome, M.D., Merve Celik-Gular, Tae-Hwa Chun, M.D., Ph.D., Anabela Dill Gomes, Maria Foss de Freitas, M.D., Brigid Gregg, M.D., Donatella Gilio, Seda Grigoryan, M.D., Diarratou Kaba, Melda Sonmez Ince, M.D., Adam Neidert, M.S., Carman Richison. Past Staff: Baris Akinci, M.D., Rita Hench, Salman Imam. University of North Carolina: John Buse, M.D., Ph.D., PI8, Jamie Diner, M.S.N., FNP-C, RN, CDCES3,8, Cassandra Donahue, RDN, LDN, CDCES, Rachael Fraser, Karla Fulghum RN, Faryal Gilani, Tahereh Ghorbani, M.D., Alex Kass, MSN, MBA, RN, CDCES5,6, Nina Jain, M.D., Klara Klein, M.D., Ph.D.1, Lauren Larison, BSN, RN, Brooke Matson, M.D., Ph.D, Catherine Morba. Past Staff: Sarah Adams, Chase Armstrong, Sue Kirkman, M.D.3,6,7,8. University of Rochester: Lainie Friedman Ross, M.D., Ph.D.3,5,6. University of Washington: Irl B. Hirsch, M.D., PI1,3, Jesica Baran, M.D., Rosanna Holod, Steven E. Kahn, M.B., Ch.B.1,3, Dori Khakpour6, Patali Mandava, Lori Sameshima. Past Staff: Xiaofu Dong, Thanmai Kalerus. Seattle Children’s: Catherine Pihoker, M.D., PI1,3,5,6,7, Beth Loots, M.P.H., M.S.W.6, Kathleen Santarelli. Past Staff: Cisco Pascual. Vanderbilt University: Kevin Niswender, M.D., Ph.D., PI, Norma Edwards, APRN, Justin Gregory, M.D., M.S.C.I., Alvin Powers, M.D.1,3, Andrea Ramirez, M.D., M.S.C.I.1,3. Past Staff: Jennifer Scott, Jordan Smith6. Washington University: Fumihiko Urano, M.D., Ph.D., PI1,3,7, Samantha Adamson, MD, PhD, Cris Brown, Joel Brune, RN, Mary Jane Clifton, Jing Hughes, M.D., Ph.D.1,3,7, Stacy Hurst, BSN, RN, CDE, Janet McGill, M.D., M.A.1,3,5,6,8, Isabella Paolicelli, R.N., Stephen Stone, M.D.1,3,7, Brittany Zwijack, RN. Past Staff: Toko Campbell, M.D., Jennifer May, M.D. Data Coordinating Center – University of South Florida: Jeffrey P. Krischer, Ph.D., PI1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Rajesh Adusumalli, M.S., Bruce Albritton, Analia Aquino, Paul Bransford, Nicholas Cadigan, Laura Gandolfo, Jennifer Garmeson, Joseph Gomes, M.S.Cp.E, Robert Gowing, Juan Herrera, Christina Karges, M.P.H., Callyn Kirk, M.S.P.H., Sarah Muller4, Jean Morissette, Hemang M. Parikh, Ph.D.8, Francisco Perez-Laras, Cassandra L. Remedios, M.S.7,8, Pablo Ruiz, Noah Sulman, Ph.D., Michael Toth, M.S.H.I., Lili Wurmser. Past Staff: Christopher Eberhard, M.S.4, Steven Fiske, Brandy Hutchinson, C.I.P., Sidhvi Nekkanti, Rebecca Wood, M.S. Genetics Core – Broad Institute: Jose C. Florez, M.D., Ph.D., PI1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, MacKenzie Brandes, Noël Burtt, Jason Flannick, Ph.D.3, Ryan Koesterer, M.A., Phebe Olorunfemi, Miriam S. Udler, M.D., Ph.D.1,3,7,8 Past Staff: Ahmed Alkanaq, Ph.D.3, Lizz Caulkins. Central Laboratory – University of Florida: Clive Wasserfall, Ph.D.4, David Pittman4. Past Staff: William Winter, M.D.4. National Institutes of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: Beena Akolkar, Ph.D. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Past Staff: Christine Lee, M.D., M.S.1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9. Other contributors: David J. Carey, Ph.D.8, Geisinger Health System. Daniel Hood8, Regenstrief Institute. Santica M. Marcovina, Ph.D., Sc.D.4,5,6,7, Medspace Reference Laboratories. Christopher B. Newgard, Ph.D.3,4, Duke University Medical Center. Committees: 1 Adjudication, 2 Ancillary Studies/Data Access, 3Discovery, 4 Laboratory Implementation, 5 Protocol Implementation, 6 Protocol Oversight, 7 Publications and Presentations, 8 Recruitment and Retention, 9 Steering.

Contributors: MFA, AB, MJR and MT designed the study. MFA collected the data from an electronic medical record system. MFA and MJR performed biostatistical analysis. MFA wrote the initial draft and edited the manuscript. MT supervised data interpretation and manuscript writing. AB, WEW, LKB, RK and MJR reviewed and edited the manuscript. RADIANT publication and presentation committee reviewed the manuscript. MFA and MT are the guarantors of this work, as such, had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. All authors approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funding: The RADIANT Study is funded by U54 DK118638 and U54 DK118612 from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. The work in this manuscript was also supported by the National Institutes of Health grant K23-DK129821 (MT).

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