Research ArticleImmunologyTransplantation Open Access | 10.1172/JCI173593

Jordan J.P. Warunek,1,2,3 Lu Fan,1,2,4 Xue Zhang,1,2,4 Sihua Wang,1,2,5 Steven M. Sanders,1,2 Tengfang Li,1,2,6 Lisa R. Mathews,1,2 Gaelen K. Dwyer,1,2,3 Michelle A. Wood-Trageser,7 Stephanie Traczek,7 Andrew Lesniak,7 Kassandra Baron,1,2,8 Hailey Spencer,1,2 Johnny Bou Saba,1,2 Emmanuel León Colón,3 Tracy Tabib,9 Robert Lafyatis,9 Mark A. Ross,10,11 Anthony J. Demetris,7 Simon C. Watkins,10,11 Steven A. Webber,12 Khodor I. Abou-Daya,1,2 and Hēth R. Turnquist1,2,3,13

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Warunek, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Fan, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Zhang, X. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Wang, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Sanders, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Li, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Mathews, L. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Dwyer, G. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Wood-Trageser, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Traczek, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Lesniak, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Baron, K. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Spencer, H. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Bou Saba, J. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by León Colón, E. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Tabib, T. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Lafyatis, R. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar |

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Ross, M. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Demetris, A. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodor I. Abou-Daya, University of Pittsburgh, E1555 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.652.8000; Email: Kha17@pitt.edu. Or to: Hēth R. Turnquist, University of Pittsburgh, W1542 Biomedical Science Tower, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15216, USA. Phone: 412.624.6695; Email: het5@pitt.edu.

Authorship note: JJPW, LF, and XZ are co–first authors. KIA and HRT are co–senior authors.

Find articles by Watkins, S. in: JCI | PubMed | Google Scholar

1Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute,

2Department of Surgery, and

3Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

4School of Medicine, Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.

5Department of Thoracic Surgery, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.

6Department of Kidney Transplantation, Center of Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.

7Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

8Department of Infectious Disease and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

9Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

10Department of Cell Biology and

11Center for Biologic Imaging, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

12University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.

13McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.

Address correspondence to: Khodo