Jenkins PE, Hoste RR, Meyer C, Blissett JM. Eating disorders and quality of life: a review of the literature. Clin Psychol Rev. 2011;31(1):113–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jiménez-Murcia S, Agüera Z, Paslakis G, Munguia L, Granero R, Sánchez-González J, et al. Food addiction in eating disorders and obesity: analysis of clusters and implications for treatment. Nutrients. 2019;11:2633.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balasundaram P, Santhanam P. Eating Disorders. StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2023, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2023.

Vasiliu O. Current status of evidence for a new diagnosis: food addiction-a literature review. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:824936.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hay P, Aouad P, Le A, Marks P, Maloney D, Touyz S, Maguire S. Epidemiology of eating disorders: population, prevalence, disease burden and quality of life informing public policy in Australia-a rapid review. J Eat Disord. 2023;11(1):23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Avenue H, Boston, & Ma 02115. (2020, June 11). Report: economic costs of eating disorders. STRIPED. https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/striped/report-economic-costs-of-eating-disorders/.

Silén Y, Keski-Rahkonen A. Worldwide prevalence of DSM-5 eating disorders among young people. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2022;35(6):362–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Streatfeild J, Hickson J, Austin SB, Hutcheson R, Kandel JS, Lampert JG, et al. Social and economic cost of eating disorders in the United States: evidence to inform policy action. Int J Eat Disord. 2021;54(5):851–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedlich CE, Covarrubias A, Park H, Murray SB. Updates in the treatment of eating disorders in 2022: a year in review in eating disorders: the journal of treatment and prevention. Eat Disord. 2023;31(2):128–38.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van de Wouw M, Schellekens H, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Microbiota-gut-brain axis: modulator of host metabolism and appetite. J Nutr. 2017;147(5):727–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galmiche M, Achamrah N, Déchelotte P, Ribet D, Breton J. Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunctions induced by infections in the onset of anorexia nervosa. Nutr Rev. 2022;80(3):381–91.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carbone EA, D’Amato P, Vicchio G, De Fazio P, Segura-Garcia C. A systematic review on the role of microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of eating disorders. Eur Psychiatry. 2020;64(1):e2.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kers JG, Saccenti E. The power of microbiome studies: some considerations on which alpha and beta metrics to use and how to report results. Front Microbiol. 2021;12:796025.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hills RD Jr, Pontefract BA, Mishcon HR, Black CA, Sutton SC, Theberge CR. Gut microbiome: profound implications for diet and disease. Nutrients. 2019;11:1613.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mirmohammadali SN, Rosenkranz SK. Dietary phytochemicals, gut microbiota composition, and health outcomes in human and animal models. Biosci Microbiota Food Health. 2023;42(3):152–71.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rauch CE, Mika AS, McCubbin AJ, Huschtscha Z, Costa RJS. Effect of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics on gastrointestinal outcomes in healthy adults and active adults at rest and in response to exercise-A systematic literature review. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1003620.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lam YY, Maguire S, Palacios T, Caterson ID. Are the gut bacteria telling us to eat or not to eat? reviewing the role of gut microbiota in the etiology, disease progression and treatment of eating disorders. Nutrients. 2017;9:602.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grochowska M, Laskus T, Radkowski M. Gut microbiota in neurological disorders. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz). 2019;67(6):375–83.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Larroya-García A, Navas-Carrillo D, Orenes-Piñero E. Impact of gut microbiota on neurological diseases: diet composition and novel treatments. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2019;59(19):3102–16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Lodovico L, Mondot S, Doré J, Mack I, Hanachi M, Gorwood P. Anorexia nervosa and gut microbiota: a systematic review and quantitative synthesis of pooled microbiological data. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2021;106:110114.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Probiotic, prebiotic, synbiotic and fermented food supplementation in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of clinical trials [press release]. Netherlands: Elsevier Science2024.

Garcia N, Gutierrez E. Anorexia nervosa and microbiota: systematic review and critical appraisal. Eating Weight Disord Stud Anorex Bulim Obes. 2023;28(1):1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dhopatkar N, Keeler JL, Mutwalli H, Whelan K, Himmerich H, Treasure J. A review of mechanistic and clinical evidence for the use of probiotics and prebiotics in anorexia nervosa. Eur Psychiat. 2023;66:S852.

Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. Int J Surg. 2021;88:105906.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Campbell M, McKenzie JE, Sowden A, Katikireddi SV, Brennan SE, Ellis S, et al. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. BMJ. 2020;368:l6890.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hooijmans CR, Rovers MM, de Vries RBM, Leenaars M, Ritskes-Hoitinga M, Langendam MW. SYRCLE’s risk of bias tool for animal studies. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2014;14(1):43.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.0. 1. The Cochrane Collaboration.

Nova E, Toro O, Varela P, López-Vidriero I, Morandé G, Marcos A. Effects of a nutritional intervention with yogurt on lymphocyte subsets and cytokine production capacity in anorexia nervosa patients. Eur J Nutr. 2006;45:225–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solis B, Nova E, Gomez S, Samartín S, Mouane N, Lemtouni A, et al. The effect of fermented milk on interferon production in malnourished children and in anorexia nervosa patients undergoing nutritional care. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2002;56(4):S27–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Žaja O, Fiolić M, Ćuk MC, Tiljak MK. The role of L. reuteri DSM17938 in nutritional recovery and treatment of constipation in children and adolescents with anorexia nervosa-a randomized, double blind, placebo controlled study. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;46:47–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Narmaki E, Borazjani M, Ataie-Jafari A, Hariri N, Doost AH, Qorbani M, Saidpour A. The combined effects of probiotics and restricted calorie diet on the anthropometric indices, eating behavior, and hormone levels of obese women with food addiction: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2022;25(5):963–75.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanchez M, Darimont C, Panahi S, Drapeau V, Marette A, Taylor VH, et al. Effects of a diet-based weight-reducing program with probiotic supplementation on satiety efficiency, eating behaviour traits, and psychosocial behaviours in obese individuals. Nutrients. 2017;9(3):284.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Choi BS, Brunelle L, Pilon G, Cautela BG, Tompkins TA, Drapeau V, et al. Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus HA-114 improves eating behaviors and mood-related factors in adults with overweight during weight loss: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr Neurosci. 2023;26(7):667–79.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carlos LDO, Ramos MRZ, Wagner NRF, Freitas LACD, Felicidade I, Campos ACL. Probiotic supplementation attenuates binge eating and food addiction 1 year after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. ABCD Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva. 2022;35:e1659.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agustí A, Campillo I, Balzano T, Benítez-Páez A, López-Almela I, Romaní-Pérez M, et al. Bacteroides uniformis CECT 7771 modulates the brain reward response to reduce binge eating and anxiety-like behavior in rat. Mol neurobiol. 2021;58:4959–79.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tennoune N, Legrand R, Ouelaa W, Breton J, Lucas N, Bole-Feysot C, et al. Sex-related effects of nutritional supplementation of escherichia coli: relevance to eating disorders. Nutrition. 2015;31(3):498–507.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Trinh S, Käver L, Schlösser A, Simon A, Kogel V, Voelz C, et al. Gut-