Cole JB, Florez JC (2020) Genetics of diabetes mellitus and diabetes complications. Nat Rev Nephrol 16(7):377–390. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0278-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chobot A, Górowska-Kowolik K, Sokołowska M, Jarosz-Chobot P (2018) Obesity and diabetes-Not only a simple link between two epidemics. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 34(7):e3042. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.3042
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lega IC, Lipscombe LL (2020) Review: diabetes, obesity, and cancer-pathophysiology and clinical implications. Endocr Rev 41(1):33–52. https://doi.org/10.1210/endrev/bnz014
Forbes JM, Cooper ME (2013) Mechanisms of diabetic complications. Physiol Rev 93(1):137–188. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00045.2011
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reaven G (2002) Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology and implications for management of cardiovascular disease. Circulation 106(3):286–288. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.0000019884.36724.d9
Gepstein V, Weiss R (2019) Obesity as the main risk factor for metabolic syndrome in children. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 10:568. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00568
Pi-Sunyer X (2009) The medical risks of obesity. Postgrad Med 121(6):21–33. https://doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2009.11.2074
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Segula D (2014) Complications of obesity in adults: a short review of the literature. Malawi Med J 26(1):20–24
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Brunt EM, Wong VW, Nobili V et al (2015) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers 1:15080. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrdp.2015.80
Loomba R, Abraham M, Unalp A et al (2012) Association between diabetes, family history of diabetes, and risk of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis. Hepatology 56(3):943–951. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.25772
Jones BJ, Bloom SR (2015) The new era of drug therapy for obesity: the evidence and the expectations. Drugs 75(9):935–945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-015-0410-1
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhou G, Myers R, Li Y et al (2001) Role of AMP-activated protein kinase in mechanism of metformin action. J Clin Invest 108(8):1167–1174. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI13505
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Musi N, Hirshman MF, Nygren J et al (2002) Metformin increases AMP-activated protein kinase activity in skeletal muscle of subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 51(7):2074–2081. https://doi.org/10.2337/diabetes.51.7.2074
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ikeda T, Iwata K, Murakami H (2000) Inhibitory effect of metformin on intestinal glucose absorption in the perfused rat intestine. Biochem Pharmacol 59(7):887–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-2952(99)00396-2
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ma T, Tian X, Zhang B et al (2022) Low-dose metformin targets the lysosomal AMPK pathway through PEN2. Nature 603(7899):159–165. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04431-8
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bang S, Chen Y, Ahima RS, Kim SF (2014) Convergence of IPMK and LKB1-AMPK signaling pathways on metformin action. Mol Endocrinol 28(7):1186–1193. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2014-1134
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hong J, Zhang Y, Lai S et al (2013) Effects of metformin versus glipizide on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease. Diabetes Care 36(5):1304–1311. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0719
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gandini S, Puntoni M, Heckman-Stoddard BM et al (2014) Metformin and cancer risk and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis taking into account biases and confounders. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 7(9):867–885. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0424
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yerevanian A, Soukas AA (2019) Metformin: mechanisms in human obesity and weight loss. Curr Obes Rep 8(2):156–164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-019-00335-3
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
ElSayed NA, Aleppo G, Aroda VR et al (2023) Introduction and methodology: standards of care in diabetes-2023. Diabetes Care 46(Supplement_1):S1–S4. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc23-Sint
Seifarth C, Schehler B, Schneider HJ (2013) Effectiveness of metformin on weight loss in non-diabetic individuals with obesity. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 121(1):27–31. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0032-1327734
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group (2012) Long-term safety, tolerability, and weight loss associated with metformin in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study. Diabetes Care 35(4):731–737. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc11-1299
Kelly AS, Auerbach P, Barrientos-Perez M et al (2020) A randomized, controlled trial of liraglutide for adolescents with obesity. N Engl J Med 382(22):2117–2128. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1916038
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
O’Neil PM, Birkenfeld AL, McGowan B et al (2018) Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial. Lancet 392(10148):637–649. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31773-2
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hosono T, Yokomizo K, Hamasaki A et al (2008) Antiviral activities against herpes simplex virus type 1 by HPH derivatives and their structure-activity relationships. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 18(1):371–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.10.065
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Luong VH, Chino T, Oyama N et al (2018) Blockade of TGF-β/Smad signaling by the small compound HPH-15 ameliorates experimental skin fibrosis. Arthritis Res Ther 20(1):46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13075-018-1534-y
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Toma T, Tateishi H, Kawakami K et al (2022) Novel inhibitor for downstream targeting of transforming growth factor-β signaling to suppress epithelial to mesenchymal transition and cell migration. Int J Mol Sci 23(9):5047. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23095047
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang Q, Khayat Z, Kishi K, Ebina Y, Klip A (1998) GLUT4 translocation by insulin in intact muscle cells: detection by a fast and quantitative assay. FEBS Lett 427(2):193–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00423-2
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang Q, Somwar R, Bilan PJ et al (1999) Protein kinase B/Akt participates in GLUT4 translocation by insulin in L6 myoblasts. Mol Cell Biol 19(6):4008–4018. https://doi.org/10.1128/MCB.19.6.4008
Comments (0)