WHO. Suicide worldwide in 2019: global health estimates. In.; 2021.

Gillies D, Christou MA, Dixon AC, Featherston OJ, Rapti I, Garcia-Anguita A, Villasis-Keever M, Reebye P, Christou E, Al Kabir N, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of self-harm in adolescents: meta-analyses of community-based studies 1990–2015. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018;57(10):733–41.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lim KS, Wong CH, McIntyre RS, Wang J, Zhang Z, Tran BX, Tan W, Ho CS, Ho RC. Global lifetime and 12-month prevalence of suicidal behavior deliberate self-harm and non-suicidal self-injury in children and adolescents between 1989 and 2018: a meta-analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(22):4581.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu XC, Chen H, Liu ZZ, Wang JY, Jia CX. Prevalence of suicidal behaviour and associated factors in a large sample of Chinese adolescents. Epidemiol Psychiatr Sci. 2019;28(3):280–9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Geoffroy MC, Bouchard S, Per M, Khoury B, Chartrand E, Renaud J, Turecki G, Colman I, Orri M. Prevalence of suicidal ideation and self-harm behaviours in children aged 12 years and younger: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022;9(9):703–14.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wan Y, Chen R, Ma S, McFeeters D, Sun Y, Hao J, Tao F. Associations of adverse childhood experiences and social support with self-injurious behaviour and suicidality in adolescents. Br J Psychiatry: J Mental Sci. 2019;214(3):146–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li X, Chi G, Taylor A, Chen ST, Memon AR, Zhang Y, Song Y, Li J, Luo X, Zou L. Lifestyle behaviors and suicide-related behaviors in adolescents: cross-sectional study using the 2019 YRBS data. Front Public Health. 2021;9:766972.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jin Z, Li R, Xu H, Rong F, Xiao W, Yu W, Sun Y, Zhang S, Tao F, Wan Y. Interaction effects of screen time and fast-food consumption on suicidal behaviours: evidence from a nationwide survey among Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2022;319:164–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao R, Gao T, Ren H, Hu Y, Qin Z, Liang L, Li C, Mei S. Unique and cumulative effects of lifestyle-related behaviors on depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. Int J Soc Psychiatry. 2022;68(2):354–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Janssen X, Mann KD, Basterfield L, Parkinson KN, Pearce MS, Reilly JK, Adamson AJ, Reilly JJ. Development of sedentary behavior across childhood and adolescence: longitudinal analysis of the Gateshead Millennium Study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2016;13:88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Colman I, Goldfield GS, Janssen I, Wang J, Podinic I, Tremblay MS, Saunders TJ, Sampson M, Chaput JP. Combinations of physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration and their associations with depressive symptoms and other mental health problems in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2020;17(1):72.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen H, Yan J, Hong JT, Clark C, Yang XN, Liu Y, Chen ST. Prevalence of physical activity and sedentary behavior among Chinese children and adolescents: variations, gaps, and recommendations. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(9):3311.

Article  Google Scholar 

Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D’Ambrosio C, Hall WA, Kotagal S, Lloyd RM, Malow BA, Maski K, Nichols C, Quan SF, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the american academy of sleep medicine. J Clin Sleep Med. 2016;12(6):785–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tang Y, Wan Y, Xu S, Zhang S, Hao J, Tao F. Nonlinear relationship between sleep duration and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour among Chinese adolescents. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):521.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bull FC, Al-Ansari SS, Biddle S, Borodulin K, Buman MP, Cardon G, Carty C, Chaput JP, Chastin S, Chou R, et al. World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. Br J Sports Med. 2020;54(24):1451–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu Z, Tang Y, Zhuang J, Liu Y, Wu X, Cai Y, Wang L, Cao ZB, Chen P. Physical activity, screen viewing time, and overweight/obesity among Chinese children and adolescents: an update from the 2017 physical activity and fitness in China-the youth study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):197.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ross R, Chaput JP, Giangregorio LM, Janssen I, Saunders TJ, Kho ME, Poitras VJ, Tomasone JR, El-Kotob R, McLaughlin EC, et al. Canadian 24-hour movement guidelines for adults aged 18–64 years and adults aged 65 years or older: an integration of physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2020;45:S57-s102.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang W, Du X, Guo Y, Li W, Zhang S, Zhang W, McIntyre RS, Tamura JK, Guo L, Lu C. Associations among screen time, sleep duration and depressive symptoms among Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2021;284:69–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo L, Xu Y, Huang G, Gao X, Deng X, Luo M, Xi C, Zhang WH, Lu C. Association between body weight status and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: the moderating role of the child’s sex. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2019;54(7):823–33.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang YY, Lei YT, Song Y, Lu RR, Duan JL, Prochaska JJ. Gender differences in suicidal ideation and health-risk behaviors among high school students in Beijing, China. J Global Health. 2019;9(1):010604.

Article  Google Scholar 

Vancampfort D, Stubbs B, Mugisha J, Firth J, Van Damme T, Smith L, Koyanagi A. Leisure-time sedentary behavior and suicide attempt among 126,392 adolescents in 43 countries. J Affect Disord. 2019;250:346–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chau K, Bhattacherjee A, Senapati A, Guillemin F, Chau N. Association between screen time and cumulating school, behavior, and mental health difficulties in early adolescents: a population-based study. Psychiatry Res. 2022;310:114467.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Uddin R, Burton NW, Maple M, Khan SR, Tremblay MS, Khan A. Low physical activity and high sedentary behaviour are associated with adolescents’ suicidal vulnerability: evidence from 52 low- and middle-income countries. Acta Paediatr. 2020;109(6):1252–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Millarini V, Caini S, Allamani A, Ermini I, Querci A, Masala G, Fabbri S. Prevalence and co-occurrence of unhealthy lifestyle habits and behaviours among secondary school students in Tuscany, central Italy. Public Health. 2019;166:89–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanz-Martín D, Ubago-Jiménez JL, Ruiz-Tendero G, Zurita-Ortega F, Melguizo-Ibáñez E, Puertas-Molero P. The relationships between physical activity, screen time and sleep time according to the adolescents’ sex and the day of the week. Healthc (Basel Switzerland). 2022;10(10):1955.

Google Scholar 

Lai W, Li W, Guo L, Wang W, Xu K, Dou Q, Shi J, Teopiz KM, McIntyre RS, Lu C. Association between bullying victimization, coping style, and mental health problems among Chinese adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2023;324:379–86.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tang J, Ma Y, Lewis SP, Chen R, Clifford A, Ammerman BA, Gazimbi MM, Byrne A, Wu Y, Lu X, et al. Association of internet addiction with nonsuicidal self-injury among adolescents in China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e206863.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sampasa-Kanyinga H, Chaput JP, Goldfield GS, Janssen I, Wang J, Hamilton HA, Colman I. 24-hour movement guidelines and suicidality among adolescents. J Affect Disord. 2020;274:372–80.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li H, Ji CY, Zong XN, Zhang YQ. Body mass index growth curves for Chinese children and adolescents aged 0 to 18 years. Chin J Pediatr. 2009;47(7):493–8.

Google Scholar 

Hwang S, Nam JY. Do lifestyle risk behaviors affect anxiety, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation among adolescents? Psychiatry Res. 2022;318:114942.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gardner LA, Champion KE, Chapman C, Newton NC, Slade T, Smout S, Teesson M, Sunderland M. Multiple lifestyle risk behaviours and hierarchical dimensions of psychopathology in 6640 Australian adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2023;57(2):241–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eirich R, McArthur BA, Anhorn C, McGuinness C, Christakis DA, Madigan S. Association of screen time with internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in children 12 years or younger: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79(5):393–405.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yoon Y, Eisenstadt M, Lereya ST, Deighton J. Gender difference in the change of adolescents’ mental health and subjective wellbeing trajectories. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2023;32(9):1569–78.

Article  PubMed