Lewington S, Clarke R, Qizilbash N, Peto R, Collins R, Prospective Studies C. Age-specific relevance of usual blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual data for one million adults in 61 prospective studies. Lancet. 2002;360:1903–13.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Collaboration NCDRF. Worldwide trends in hypertension prevalence and progress in treatment and control from 1990 to 2019: a pooled analysis of 1201 population-representative studies with 104 million participants. Lancet. 2021;398:957–80.

Article  Google Scholar 

Faber JE, Brody MJ. Neural contribution to renal hypertension following acute renal artery stenosis in conscious rats. Hypertension. 1983;5:I155–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Katholi RE, McCann WP, Woods WT. Intrarenal adenosine produces hypertension via renal nerves in the one-kidney, one clip rat. Hypertension. 1985;7:I88–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sata Y, Head GA, Denton K, May CN, Schlaich MP. Role of the sympathetic nervous system and its modulation in renal hypertension. Front Med. 2018;5:82.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bhatt DL, Kandzari DE, O’Neill WW, D’Agostino R, Flack JM, Katzen BT, et al. A controlled trial of renal denervation for resistant hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:1393–401.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi M, Schmieder RE, Mahfoud F, Weber MA, Daemen J, Davies J, et al. Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO): a multicentre, international, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391:2335–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bohm, Kario M, Kandzari K, Mahfoud DE, Weber MA F, Schmieder RE, et al. Efficacy of catheter-based renal denervation in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED Pivotal): a multicentre, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2020;395:1444–51.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Azizi M, Sanghvi K, Saxena M, Gosse P, Reilly JP, Levy T, et al. Ultrasound renal denervation for hypertension resistant to a triple medication pill (RADIANCE-HTN TRIO): a randomised, multicentre, single-blind, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397:2476–86.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kandzari, Bohm DE, Mahfoud M, Townsend F, Weber MA RR, Pocock S, et al. Effect of renal denervation on blood pressure in the presence of antihypertensive drugs: 6-month efficacy and safety results from the SPYRAL HTN-ON MED proof-of-concept randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391:2346–55.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rafiq K, Fujisawa Y, Sherajee SJ, Rahman A, Sufiun A, Kobori H, et al. Role of the renal sympathetic nerve in renal glucose metabolism during the development of type 2 diabetes in rats. Diabetologia. 2015;58:2885–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mahfoud F, Schlaich M, Kindermann I, Ukena C, Cremers B, Brandt MC, et al. Effect of renal sympathetic denervation on glucose metabolism in patients with resistant hypertension: a pilot study. Circulation. 2011;123:1940–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xia Z, Han L, Pellegrino PR, Schiller AM, Harrold LD, Lobato RL, et al. Safety and efficacy of renal denervation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2022;8:e08847.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morisawa N, Kitada K, Fujisawa Y, Nakano D, Yamazaki D, Kobuchi S, et al. Renal sympathetic nerve activity regulates cardiovascular energy expenditure in rats fed high salt. Hypertens Res. 2020;43:482–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eriguchi M, Tsuruya K, Haruyama N, Yamada S, Tanaka S, Suehiro T, et al. Renal denervation has blood pressure-independent protective effects on kidney and heart in a rat model of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2015;87:116–27.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rafiq K, Noma T, Fujisawa Y, Ishihara Y, Arai Y, Nabi AH, et al. Renal sympathetic denervation suppresses de novo podocyte injury and albuminuria in rats with aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2012;125:1402–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ott C, Mahfoud F, Schmid A, Ditting T, Veelken R, Ewen S, et al. Improvement of albuminuria after renal denervation. Int J Cardiol. 2014;173:311–5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahfoud F, Cremers B, Janker J, Link B, Vonend O, Ukena C, et al. Renal hemodynamics and renal function after catheter-based renal sympathetic denervation in patients with resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;60:419–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang ZH, Yang K, Jiang FL, Zeng LX, Jiang WH, Wang XY. The effects of catheter-based radiofrequency renal denervation on renal function and renal artery structure in patients with resistant hypertension. J Clin Hypertens. 2014;16:599–605.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kiuchi MG, Graciano ML, Carreira MA, Kiuchi T, Chen S, Lugon JR. Long-term effects of renal sympathetic denervation on hypertensive patients with mild to moderate chronic kidney disease. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18:190–6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Verloop WL, Vink EE, Spiering W, Blankestijn PJ, Doevendans PA, Bots ML, et al. Effects of renal denervation on end organ damage in hypertensive patients. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22:558–67.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hering D, Mahfoud F, Walton AS, Krum H, Lambert GW, Lambert EA, et al. Renal denervation in moderate to severe CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:1250–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hameed MA, Freedman JS, Watkin R, Ganeshan A, Dasgupta I. Renal denervation using carbon dioxide renal angiography in patients with uncontrolled hypertension and moderate to severe chronic kidney disease. Clin Kidney J. 2017;10:778–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Prasad B, Berry W, Goyal K, Dehghani P, Townsend RR. Central blood pressure and pulse wave velocity changes post renal denervation in patients with stages 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease: The Regina RDN Study. Can J Kidney Health Dis. 2019;6:2054358119828388.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xia M, Liu T, Chen D, Huang Y. Efficacy and safety of renal denervation for hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Int J Hyperth. 2021;38:732–42.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kandzari DE, Bhatt DL, Brar S, Devireddy CM, Esler M, Fahy M, et al. Predictors of blood pressure response in the SYMPLICITY HTN-3 trial. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:219–27.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oliveras A, Armario P, Sans L, Clara A, Vazquez S, Molina L, et al. Organ damage changes in patients with resistant hypertension randomized to renal denervation or spironolactone: The DENERVHTA (Denervacion en Hipertension Arterial) study. J Clin Hypertens. 2018;20:69–75.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sanders MF, Reitsma JB, Morpey M, Gremmels H, Bots ML, Pisano A, et al. Renal safety of catheter-based renal denervation: systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2017;32:1440–7.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mahfoud F, Kandzari DE, Kario K, Townsend RR, Weber MA, Schmieder RE, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of renal denervation in the presence of antihypertensive drugs (SPYRAL HTN-ON MED): a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399:1401–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ott C, Mahfoud F, Mancia G, Narkiewicz K, Ruilope LM, Fahy M, et al. Renal denervation in patients with versus without chronic kidney disease: results from the Global SYMPLICITY Registry with follow-up data of 3 years. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2022;37:304–10.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mohammad AA, Nawar K, Binks O, Abdulla MH. Effects of renal denervation on kidney function in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hum Hypertens. 2024;38:29–44.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharafuddin MJ, Marjan AE. Current status of carbon dioxide angiography. J Vasc Surg. 2017;66:618–37.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ott C, Mahfoud F, Schmid A, Toennes SW, Ewen S, Ditting T, et al. Renal denervation preserves renal function in patients with chronic kidney disease and resistant hypertension. J Hypertens. 2015;33:1261–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mahfoud F, Townsend RR, Kandzari DE, Kario K, Schmieder RE, Tsioufis K, et al. Changes in plasma renin activity after renal artery sympathetic denervation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;77:2909–19.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Solbu MD, Miroslawska A, Norvik JV, Eriksen BO, Steigen TK. Kidney function and markers of renal damage after renal denervation. Does method of measurement matter? The Reshape CV-Risk Study. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23:954–62.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lang D, Nahler A, Lambert T, Grund M, Kammler J, Kellermair J, et al. Anti-inflammatory effects and prediction of blood pressure response by baseline inflammatory state in catheter-based renal denervation. J Clin Hypertens. 2016;18:1173–9.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Lee H. Cystatin C in pregnant women is not a simple kidney filtration marker. Kidney Res Clin Pr. 2018;37:313–4.

Article  Google Scholar 

Xin C, Xie J, Fan H, Sun X, Shi B. Association between serum cystatin C and thyroid diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Endocrinol. 2021;12:766516.

Article